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Pollution Offshoring and Emission Reductions in EU and US Manufacturing

机译：欧盟和美国制造业的污染离岸和减排

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Between 1995 and 2008, the European Union and the United States raised environmental standards and concurrently experienced important reductions in emissions from manufacturing despite a rise in output. Levinson (Am Econ Rev 99(5):2177-2192, 2009) finds that the offshoring of polluting industries to countries with lower environmental standards played only small role in the cleanup of US manufacturing, which was largely due to improvements in production technique. But there is no evidence of whether US patterns hold in other developed economies. I provide the first analysis of the pollution intensity of EU production and imports to examine which forces drove the EU cleanup. I find that concerns about the effect of pollution offshoring were unfounded in the European Union, not because the effect was small like in the United States, but because the patterns of specialization of EU production and imports were exactly opposite to what pollution offshoring would predict. Starting in the early 2000s, EU manufacturing increasingly produced more pollution-intensive goods while imports became progressively less pollution-intensive, especially from low-income countries. There are two notable exceptions: primary aluminum and electrometallurgical products, except steel, which do provide evidence of offshoring from the EU to lower income countries. The "brown" specialization of EU production is difficult to explain, but about a quarter can be matched by increased demand for EU exports of polluting goods. However, similar to the US cleanup, changes in production and imports were overwhelmed by improvements in production technique, which were the main drivers of the cleanup of manufacturing.
机译：在1995年至2008年之间，欧盟和美国提高了环境标准，尽管产量增加了，但同时也减少了制造业的排放量。 Levinson（Am Econ Rev 99（5）：2177-2192，2009）发现，将污染行业转移到环境标准较低的国家中对美国制造业的清洁作用很小，这主要是由于生产技术的改进。但是没有证据表明美国的模式在其他发达经济体中是否也存在。我对欧盟生产和进口的污染强度进行了首次分析，以研究推动欧盟清理的力量。我发现在欧盟，对污染离岸转移的影响没有根据，不是因为其影响像美国一样小，而是因为欧盟生产和进口的专业化模式与污染离岸转移的预测完全相反。从2000年代初开始，欧盟制造业生产的污染强度更大的商品越来越多，而进口的污染强度逐渐降低，特别是来自低收入国家的进口。有两个值得注意的例外：铝和钢铁以外的电冶金产品，它们确实提供了从欧盟转移到低收入国家的证据。欧盟生产的“棕色”专业化很难解释，但是大约有四分之一可以与欧盟对污染产品出口的需求增加相匹配。但是，类似于美国的清理工作，生产和进口的变化被生产技术的改进所压倒，这是制造业清理工作的主要推动力。

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