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Origins and Development of the EU ETS

机译：欧盟排放交易体系的起源与发展

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The successful creation of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) was not inevitable. Countries such as Canada and Japan which might be thought to have a less complex and more cohesive cultural and institutional context failed to do so. Europe succeeded for a number of reasons: with a Single Market for the economy, the logic of a single market for environment is inexorable; the European Commission-which had failed in its earlier efforts to introduce a carbon energy tax-made the case for trading with great skill and persistence, on the basis of qualified majority voting, which meant no country had a veto; the UK and Denmark initialed their own national schemes, and there was a serious risk of balkanising the market with up to 27 different schemes, with the losses of scale and scope this would entail; meeting the Union's Kyoto commitments required a substantive pan European response, and EU ETS was the most credible and effective way of doing so. The European Parliament and Environmental Non Governmental Organisations played a constructive role, pushing for more auctioning of allowances and less of them, allocated centrally. Free allocation managed by Member States (MS) was a necessary condition to achieve the support needed, so they failed to achieve these objectives in the initial phase, but they characterize the Commission's proposals post 2012.
机译：成功建立欧洲联盟排放交易计划（EU ETS）并非不可避免。像加拿大和日本这样的国家，可能被认为具有较不复杂的文化和制度背景，却没有这样做。欧洲之所以成功，有很多原因：在经济单一市场的情况下，环境单一市场的逻辑是必然的。欧洲委员会（它先前未能实行碳能源税的努力）以合格的多数表决为基础，以高超的技巧和毅力进行交易，这意味着没有一个国家拥有否决权；英国和丹麦启动了他们自己的国家计划，存在严重的风险，即通过多达27种不同的计划来平衡市场，这将造成规模和范围的损失；要实现欧盟的《京都议定书》承诺，就需要泛欧洲的实质性回应，而欧盟排放交易体系是做到这一点的最可靠，最有效的方法。欧洲议会和环境非政府组织发挥了建设性作用，推动拍卖更多的配额而减少了配额的分配。由会员国管理的免费拨款是获得所需支持的必要条件，因此它们在初始阶段未能实现这些目标，但它们代表了委员会在2012年后提出的建议。

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