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Household Production and Environmental Kuznets Curves: Examining the desirability and feasibility of substitution

机译：家庭生产和环境库兹涅茨曲线：检验替代的可取性和可行性

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摘要

This paper provides a theoretical explanation for the widely debated empirical finding of "Environmental Kuznets Curves", i.e., U-shaped relationships between per-capita income and indicators of environmental quality. We present a household-production model in which the degradation of environmental quality is a by-product of household activities. Households can not directly purchase environmental quality, but can reduce degradation by substituting more expensive cleaner inputs to production for less costly dirty inputs. If environmental quality is a normal good, one expects substitution towards the less polluting inputs, so that increases in income will increase the quality of the environment. It is shown that this only holds for middle income households. Poorer households spend all income on dirty inputs. When they buy more, as income rises, the pollution also rises, they do not want to substitute, as this would reduce consumption of non-environmental services for environmental amenities that are already abundant. Thus, as income rises from low to middle levels, a U shape can result. Yet an N shape might eventually result, as richer households spend all income on clean inputs. Further substitution possibilities are exhausted. Thus as income rises again pollution rises and environmental quality falls.
机译：本文为“环境库兹涅茨曲线”（即人均收入与环境质量指标之间的U型关系）的经验发现提供了理论上的解释。我们提出了一种家庭生产模型，其中环境质量的下降是家庭活动的副产品。家庭不能直接购买环境质量，但是可以通过将更昂贵的清洁投入物替换为生产成本较低的脏物来减少退化。如果环境质量是一种正常的商品，则人们期望用污染较少的投入替代，从而增加收入将提高环境质量。结果表明，这仅适用于中等收入家庭。贫困家庭将所有收入用于肮脏的投入。当他们购买更多商品时，随着收入的增加，污染也随之增加，他们不想替代，因为这将减少对已经丰富的环境便利设施的非环境服务的消耗。因此，随着收入从低水平上升到中等水平，可能会形成U形。然而，随着富裕家庭将所有收入用于清洁投入，最终可能会形成N形。用尽了进一步的替代可能性。因此，随着收入的增加，污染增加，环境质量下降。

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