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Comparing culture and ecology: conservation planning of oak woodlands in Mediterranean landscapes of Portugal and California

机译：比较文化和生态：葡萄牙和加利福尼亚的地中海景观中橡木林地的保护规划

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Mediterranean ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, however translating conservation need into implementation has been hindered by their function as working landscapes that integrate both human and natural components. This paper compares oak woodland working landscapes in California and Portugal: can conservation policy be reshaped to conserve Mediterranean oak woodland ecosystems with differing sociopolitical cultural contexts? Each oak woodland's cultural-historical legacy and socioecological system (SES) is described, and how each system can cross-inform improvements to conservation policies is assessed. The SES analysis shows that oak woodlands are managed to maximize revenue from one or more of four resources: forestry, rangeland, agriculture and natural areas. Sustainability of extractable resources may be threatened by replacement rate, land-use history and interdependence with other resources. Non-extractable resources (natural areas) are more volatile and sustainable management is dependent on the voluntary nature of collective-choice rules. Conservation planning and implementation require attention to the characteristic heterogeneity of oak woodlands and to the processes that generate biodiversity, such as fire and regeneration. Conservation plans should aim for the preservation of oak woodland functions (for example multiple use systems) and cultural characteristics (such as keeping people on the land), and governmental and public recognition of the value of preserving these woodlands.
机译：地中海生态系统是生物多样性的热点地区，但是由于将其作为整合人类和自然成​​分的工作景观，其功能已阻碍了将保护需求转化为实施。本文比较了加利福尼亚和葡萄牙的橡木林地工作景观：能否重塑保护政策以保护具有不同社会政治文化背景的地中海橡木林地生态系统？描述了每个橡树林地的文化历史遗迹和社会生态系统（SES），并评估了每个系统如何交叉通报保护政策的改进。 SES分析表明，橡木林可以通过以下四种资源中的一种或多种来最大程度地增加收入：林业，牧场，农业和自然地区。可替代资源的可持续性可能受到重置率，土地使用历史以及与其他资源的相互依赖的威胁。不可提取的资源（自然区域）更加不稳定，可持续管理取决于集体选择规则的自愿性质。保护规划和实施需要注意橡木林地的特征异质性以及引起生物多样性的过程，例如火和再生。保护计划应旨在保护橡木林地功能（例如，多种用途系统）和文化特征（例如，使人留在土地上），以及政府和公众对保护这些林地的价值的认识。

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