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Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems

机译：地下水生态系统的现状和未来前景

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Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of subterranean hydrosystems have changed during the past 40-50 years. The major environmental pressures (mainly anthropogenic ones) impact the quantity and quality of groundwater resources and the state of subsurface ecosystems, and it is expected that the environmental pressures on groundwater will continue, at least until 2025, unless new environmental policies change this state of affairs. The world demographic increase and the general rise of water demand constitute one of the major environmental pressures on groundwater ecosystems especially in less developed countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Specific human activities leading to the depletion of groundwater reserves include agricultural practices, landscape alteration, urbanization demand for domestic and public drinking water, various industrial activities such as thermoelectric production and mining, and the rise of tourism in coastal areas. Climate change is contributing to the water crisis too, especially in areas with arid climate and/or in some humid monsoonal countries. The overload of aquifers with pollutants derived from agriculture (fertilizers and pesticides), from industry (release of hydrocarbon chemicals, especially spills), from waste and industrial waters, from domestic and industrial landfills, from the infiltration of pollutants from surface and from the intrusion of saline water affect groundwater quality. The dangerous increase in contaminated subsurface sites with chemicals and microbial pathogens brings with it health risks to humans. Changes of redox condition in groundwater zones, changes of biological diversity, vegetation changes with modification of agriculture practices and impacts at the biosphere scale, such as the increase in the concentration of nitrous oxides in the atmosphere, all impact ground-water ecosystems. Groundwater ecosystems must be better investigated and understood. Economic, social and ecological lines of thinking have to be combined in order to achieve meaningful policies for the sustainable development of groundwater reserves and for the protection of subsurface ecosystems. Practical measures and ideas for the development of policies up to the 2025 time-horizon should improve the sustainable usage of the world's groundwater resources.
机译：在过去的40至50年中，地下水系的生态和社会经济方面发生了变化。主要的环境压力（主要是人为压力）会影响地下水资源的数量和质量以及地下生态系统的状况，并且除非新的环境政策改变了这种状况，否则预计对地下水的环境压力至少会持续到2025年。事务。世界人口的增长和用水需求的普遍增加构成了对地下水生态系统的主要环境压力之一，特别是在非洲，亚洲和南美的欠发达国家。导致地下水储备枯竭的特殊人类活动包括农业实践，景观改变，对生活和公共饮用水的城市化需求，热电生产和采矿等各种工业活动以及沿海地区旅游业的兴起。气候变化也加剧了水危机，特别是在干旱的地区和/或一些潮湿的季风国家。含水层中农业，肥料（杀虫剂和杀虫剂），工业（碳氢化合物的释放，特别是泄漏物），废水和工业用水，生活和工业垃圾填埋场，地表污染物的渗透和入侵造成的污染物超载盐水影响地下水质量。化学物质和微生物病原体污染的地下场所的危险性增加，对人类健康构成威胁。地下水带氧化还原条件的变化，生物多样性的变化，农业实践的改变引起的植被变化以及对生物圈规模的影响，例如大气中一氧化二氮浓度的增加，都对地下水生态系统产生影响。必须更好地调查和了解地下水生态系统。必须结合经济，社会和生态的思路，以实现有意义的政策，以可持续发展地下水储备和保护地下生态系统。到2025年时限之前制定政策的实用措施和构想，应改善世界地下水资源的可持续利用。

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