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An Ecoregional Context for Forest Management on National Wildlife Refuges of the Upper Midwest, USA

机译：美国中西部上层国家野生动植物保护区的森林管理生态区域背景

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To facilitate forest planning and management on National Wildlife Refuges, we synthesized multiple data sources to describe land ownership patterns, land cover, landscape pattern, and changes in forest composition for four ecoregions and their associated refuges of the Upper Midwest. We related observed patterns to ecological processes important for forest conservation and restoration, with specific attention to refuge patterns of importance for forest landbirds of conservation priority. The large amount of public land within the ecoregions (31-80%) suggests that opportunities exist for coarse and meso-scale approaches to conserving and restoring ecological processes affecting the refuges, particularly historical fire regimes. Forests dominate both ecoregions and refuges, but refuge forest patches are generally larger and more aggregated than in associated ecoregions. Broadleaf taxa have increased in dominance in the ecoregions and displaced fire-dependent taxa such as pine {Pinus spp.) and other coniferous species; these changes in forest composition have likely also affected refuge forests. Despite compositional changes, larger forest patches on refuges suggests that they may provide better habitat for area-sensitive forest landbirds of mature, compositionally diverse forests than surrounding lands if management continues to promote increased patch size. We reason that although finescale research and monitoring for species of conservation priority is important, broad scale (ecoregional) assessments provide crucial context for effective forest and wildlife management in protected areas.
机译：为了促进国家野生动物保护区的森林规划和管理，我们综合了多个数据源，以描述四个中西部地区及其相关避难所的土地所有权模式，土地覆盖，景观模式以及森林组成的变化。我们将观察到的模式与对森林保护和恢复非常重要的生态过程联系起来，并特别关注对保护优先的林地鸟类重要的避难所模式。生态区域内的大量公共土地（占31-80％）表明，存在机会采用粗略和中等规模的方法来保护和恢复影响避难所的生态过程，尤其是历史性的火灾状况。森林在生态区和避难所中均占主导地位，但与相关生态区相比，避难所的森林面积通常更大且聚集程度更高。阔叶类群在生态区和以火为依托的类群（例如松树（Pinus spp。）和其他针叶树种）中的优势日益增强。森林组成的这些变化也可能影响了避难林。尽管组成发生了变化，但避难所上较大的森林斑块表明，如果管理继续促进增加斑块的规模，它们可能为成熟，组成多样的森林的区域敏感的森林陆鸟提供比周围土地更好的栖息地。我们认为，尽管对保护重点物种的精细研究和监测很重要，但广泛的（生态区域）评估为保护区的有效森林和野生动植物管理提供了关键背景。

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