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Transition and Sustainability: Empirical Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Water Pollution in 25 Countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States

机译：过渡与可持续性：中欧，东欧及独立国家联合体25个国家水污染环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证分析

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This paper examines the effects of political, structural and economic changes on environmental quality in 25 Central and East European countries (CEECs) and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) using selected water pollution indicators and by testing the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Despite substantial research on the transition effects from centrally planned economies and totalitarian political systems to democracy and free market economies, the literature is limited with respect to the short- and long-term environmental impacts. Considering the institutional and structural changes in these economies, rising per capita income and increased trade and investment openness, these countries can be characterized as early, late and non-liberalizers with respect to the start and continuation of liberalization processes - a critical element of the systemic transformation in the CEECs. While trends in selected economic and social indicators (based on the OECD pressure-state-response framework) show that early liberalizers enjoyed positive gains relative to late liberalizers, the selected environmental indicators do not indicate consistent trends with regard to surface water quality. Among early and late liberalizers, nitrate, orthophosphate and ammonium concentrations decline and converge over time. Phosphorus concentrations initially dropped but then increased again for both groups of countries. Using the indicator of biological oxygen demand (BOD) as the dependent variable and a set of structural and economic measures as the independent variables, our econometric regression model provides some evidence for the EKC hypothesis and estimates the per capita income turning point for industrial BOD effluents to be approximately 3800-5000 USD.
机译：本文使用选定的水污染指标并通过测试环境库兹涅茨曲线，研究了25个中欧和东欧国家（CEEC）和独立国家联合体（CIS）国家的政治，结构和经济变化对环境质量的影响。 EKC）。尽管对从中央计划经济和极权政治体制向民主和自由市场经济的过渡影响进行了大量研究，但有关短期和长期环境影响的文献有限。考虑到这些经济体的体制和结构变化，人均收入的增加以及贸易和投资开放度的提高，就自由化进程的开始和延续而言，这些国家可以被描述为早期，晚期和非自由化者，这是自由化进程的关键要素。 CEEC的系统转型。尽管选定的经济和社会指标的趋势（基于经合组织压力状态响应框架）显示，早期的自由主义者相对于晚期的自由主义者享有积极的收益，但选定的环境指标并未显示出地表水水质的一致趋势。在早期和晚期的缓和剂中，硝酸盐，正磷酸盐和铵的浓度随时间下降并收敛。两组国家的磷浓度开始下降，但随后又上升。我们的计量经济学回归模型使用生物需氧量（BOD）指标作为因变量，并采用一系列结构和经济措施作为自变量，为EKC假设提供了一些证据，并估算了工业BOD废水的人均收入转折点大约是3800-5000美元。

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