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Toxic trace metals in size-segregated fine particulate matter: Mass concentration, respiratory deposition, and risk assessment

机译：尺寸隔离细颗粒物质中有毒痕量金属：质量浓度，呼吸沉积和风险评估

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To characterise the mass concentration, size-distribution, and respiratory deposition of selected trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, and Pb) in size-segregated PM2.5, a long-term monitoring campaign was undertaken at an urban background site in Como (Northern Italy). 96-h aerosol samples were collected weekly, from May 2015 to March 2016, using a 13-stage low pressure impactor and analysed via laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Significantly higher levels of trace metals were generally found during the heating season (two to more than four times) compared to the non-heating period at all size ranges, especially for concentrations in PM0.1-1. Distinct distribution profiles characterised the different elements, even though the corresponding heating and non-heating shapes always exhibited similar features, with negligible seasonal shifts in the average mass median aerodynamic diameters. Fe, Ba, and Cu had 70% of their mass in PM1-2.5, whereas Pb, Zn, and Ni showed higher contributions in the accumulation mode (60%). Finally, broad size-distributions were found for Cr and Mn. The multiple-path particle dosimetry model estimated the overall deposition fractions in human airways varying between 27% (Pb) and 48% (Ba). The greatest deposition variability was always registered in the head region of the respiratory system, with the highest contributions for those metals predominantly accumulated in the PM2.5 coarse modes. In contrast, the deposition in the deepest respiratory tract maintained nearly constant proportions over time, becoming notably important for Pb, Ni, and Zn (similar to 13%) with respect to their total deposition. The comparison with national limits established for Pb and Ni suggested the absence of significant risks for the local population, as expected, with average concentrations two orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding annual limit and objective value. Similar findings were reported for all the other metals, for which the estimated hazard quotients were always well 1. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：为了表征尺寸隔离PM2.5中所选痕量金属（Cr，Mn，Fe，Ni，Cu，Zn，Ba，Cu，Zn，Ba和Pb）的质量浓度，尺寸分布和呼吸沉积，长期监测活动在科莫（意大利北部）的城市背景现场进行。每周收集96-H气溶胶样品，2015年5月至2016年3月，使用13级低压撞击器，并通过激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析。在加热季节（2至超过4次）期间，与所有尺寸范围的非加热时段相比，通常在加热季节（两次以上），特别是在PM0.1-1中的浓度期间显着更高的痕量金属水平。不同的分布型材表征了不同的元件，即使相应的加热和非加热形状总是表现出类似的特征，普通质量中值空气动力学直径的季节性差距可忽略不计。 Fe，Ba和Cu在PM1-2.5中具有> 70％的质量，而PB，Zn和Ni在累积模式（> 60％）中显示出更高的贡献。最后，发现了Cr和Mn的广泛尺寸分布。多路径颗粒剂量测定模型估计人气通风中的整体沉积馏分在27％（Pb）和48％（Ba）之间变化。最大的沉积变异性始终在呼吸系统的头部区域注册，对于主要累积在PM2.5粗模式中的那些金属的贡献最高。相反，最深呼吸道中的沉积随着时间的推移而保持几乎恒定的比例，对于Pb，Ni和Zn（类似于13％）相对于它们的总沉积而变得特别重要。与PB和NI建立的国家限制的比较表明，局部人口的缺乏可能是预期的，平均浓度比相应年限和客观价值低两种数量级。报告了所有其他金属的类似发现，其中估计的危险版本总是始终如一<1。 （c）2020 elestvier有限公司保留所有权利。

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