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Effects of ozone stress on flowering phenology, plant-pollinator interactions and plant reproductive success

机译：臭氧应力对开花候选，植物 - 传植物相互作用及植物生殖成功的影响

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Tropospheric ozone is a highly oxidative pollutant with the potential to alter plant metabolism. The direct effects of ozone on plant phenotype may alter interactions with other organisms, such as pollinators, and, consequently, affect plant reproductive success. In a set of greenhouse experiments, we tested whether exposure of plants to a high level of ozone affected their phenological development, their attractiveness to four different pollinators (mason bees, honeybees, hoverflies and bumblebees) and, ultimately, their reproductive success. Exposure of plants to ozone accelerated flowering, particularly on plants that were growing in autumn, when light and temperature cues, that commonly promote flowering, were weaker. Simultaneously, there was a tendency for ozone-exposed plants to disinvest in vegetative growth. Plant exposure to ozone did not substantially affect pollinator preference, but bumblebees had a tendency to visit more flowers on ozone-exposed plants, an effect that was driven by the fact that these plants tended to have more open flowers, meaning a stronger attraction signal. Honeybees spent more time per flower on ozone-exposed plants than on control plants. Acceleration of flower production and the behavioural responses of pollinators to ozone-exposed plants resulted in retained reproductive fitness of plants pollinated by bumblebees, honeybees and mason bees, despite the negative effects of ozone on plant growth. Plants that were pollinated by hoverflies had a reduction in reproductive fitness in response to ozone. In a natural setting, acceleration of flowering by ozone might foster desynchronization between plant and pollinator activities. This can have a strong impact on plants with short flowering periods and on plants that, unlike wild mustard, lack compensatory mechanisms to cope with the absence of pollinator activity in the beginning of flowering. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：对流层臭氧是一种高度氧化的污染物，潜力可以改变植物代谢。臭氧对植物表型的直接影响可能会改变与其他生物的相互作用，如粉丝簇，从而影响植物生殖成功。在一系列温室实验中，我们测试了植物的暴露于高水平的臭氧影响它们的职业发展，他们对四种不同的粉丝器（梅森蜜蜂，蜜蜂，粗麻花和大黄蜂）的吸引力，最终是他们的生殖成功。植物暴露于臭氧加速开花，特别是在秋季生长的植物，当普遍促进开花的轻质和温度下降时，较弱。同时，臭氧暴露的植物倾向于灭亡植物生长。植物暴露于臭氧没有大大影响粉丝师偏好，但大黄蜂倾向于在臭氧植物上访问更多的花朵，这是由于这些植物往往具有更开放的花朵的事实而导致的效果，这意味着一种更强的吸引力信号。蜜蜂在臭氧暴露植物上花费更多的时间比对照植物在臭氧植物上。尽管臭氧对植物生长的负面影响，但花卉生产与臭氧植物对臭氧植物的行为应对陶醉于臭氧植物的行为应对植物的生殖适合性。由Hoverflies授粉的植物响应臭氧而减少生殖的健康。在自然的环境中，臭氧开花的加速可能会促进植物和粉碎机活动之间的去同步。这可能对具有短开花时期的植物和植物不同的植物产生强烈影响，与野生芥末不同，缺乏在开花开始时应对缺乏花粉剂活动的补偿机制。 （c）2020 elestvier有限公司保留所有权利。

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