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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental research >Cost-benefit of point-of-use devices for lead reduction
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Cost-benefit of point-of-use devices for lead reduction

机译：用于铅减少的使用点设备的成本效益

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Background: Lead exposure represents a significant human health concern that often occurs with little warning to the consumer. Water lead levels can be mitigated by point-of-use (POU) devices such as reverse osmosis, distillation, or activated carbon with lead reduction media.Objectives: This study assessed a partial cost-benefit of residential installation of POU devices to reduce lead concentrations in drinking water and examined the economic impact at the community level based on exposures reported in Flint, Michigan.Methods: We calculated the individual consumer breakeven point for each lead abatement option by subtracting the lifetime cost of device installation and maintenance from the lifetime cost of lead exposure through its impact on intelligence (IQ) and lifetime earnings. This approach was then extrapolated to the community level based on reported lead exposures in Flint, Michigan.Results: Based on operating POU device costs, lead absorption from water, and economic losses associated with reduced IQ, initial water lead levels associated with consumer breakeven points for reverse osmosis (7.31 mu g/L), activated carbon (3.73 mu g/L), and distillation (12.0 mu g/L) were calculated. For example, an individual consuming water with 25 mu g/L of lead, similar to the 90th percentile of concentrations measured in Flint, Michigan, would have an expected blood lead level of 1.25 mu g/dL, a corresponding loss of 0.641 IQ points, and a lifetime economic earnings loss of $14,284. Over 70 years of continued use, activated carbon with lead reduction media is the least expensive device to maintain and operate as compared to reverse osmosis and distillation.Conclusions: Infrastructure failures related to drinking water are unpredictable and exposure to contaminates can have significant economic ramifications. POU devices represent a cost-effective option to reduce the impact of lead exposure, particularly when water lead concentrations exceed regulated levels.
机译：背景：铅曝光代表了大量的人类健康问题，通常发生对消费者的警告很小。可以通过使用点（POU）器件（例如反渗透，蒸馏或活性炭）的使用点（POU）装置来减轻水引线水平。目的：本研究评估了POU设备的住宅安装的部分成本效益，以减少铅基于弗林特，密歇根州报道的暴露，饮用水中的浓度培养了社区一级的经济影响：通过从寿命成本中减去设备安装和维护的寿命，计算每个引出减少选项的个别消费者Breakeven Point通过其对情报（智商）和终身收益影响的铅暴露。然后基于弗林特，密歇根州的报告的铅曝光将这种方法推断为社区一级：结果：基于运行沟设备成本，与水的铅吸收，与智商降低相关的经济损失，与消费者交流中的初始水引线水平相关对于反渗透（7.31μg/ l），计算活性炭（3.73μg/ l）和蒸馏（12.0μg/ l）。例如，具有25μg/ L铅的单独消耗水，类似于在燧石中测量的浓度的90百分位，密歇根州的浓度将具有1.25μg/ dl的预期血液铅水平，相应的损失为0.641 iq点，终身经济盈利损失为14,284美元。超过70年的持续使用，具有铅还原介质的活性炭是最便宜的装置，与反渗透和蒸馏相比保持和操作。结论：与饮用水相关的基础设施失败是不可预测的，暴露于污染物可能具有显着的经济后果。 POU器件代表了一种经济效益的选择，以减少铅暴露的影响，特别是当水铅浓度超过调节水平时。

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