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Critical windows of fluoride neurotoxicity in Canadian children

机译：加拿大儿童氟化物神经毒性的关键窗口

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Background: Fluoride has been associated with IQ deficits during early brain development, but the period in which children are most sensitive is unknown. Objective: We assessed effects of fluoride on IQ scores across prenatal and postnatal exposure windows. Methods: We used repeated exposures from 596 mother-child pairs in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals pregnancy and birth cohort. Fluoride was measured in urine (mg/L) collected from women during pregnancy and in their children between 1.9 and 4.4 years; urinary fluoride was adjusted for specific gravity. We estimated infant fluoride exposure (mg/day) using water fluoride concentration and duration of formula-feeding over the first year of life. Intelligence was assessed at 3-4 years using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Ill. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the associations between fluoride exposures and IQ, adjusting for covariates. We report results based on standardized exposures given their varying units of measurement. Results: The association between fluoride and performance IQ (PIQ) significantly differed across prenatal, infancy, and childhood exposure windows collapsing across child sex (p = .001). The strongest association between fluoride and PIQ was during the prenatal window, B = -2.36, 95% CI: -3.63, -1.08; the association was also significant during infancy, B = -2.11, 95% CI: -3.45, -0.76, but weaker in childhood, B = -1.51, 95% CI: -2.90, -0.12. Within sex, the association between fluoride and PIQ significantly differed across the three exposure windows (boys: p = .01; girls: p = .01); among boys, the strongest association was during the prenatal window, B = -3.01, 95% CI: -4.60, -1.42, whereas among girls, the strongest association was during infancy, B = -2.71, 95% CI: -4.59, -0.83. Full-scale IQ estimates were weaker than PIQ estimates for every window. Fluoride was not significantly associated with Verbal IQ across any exposure window. Conclusion: Associations between fluoride exposure and PIQ differed based on timing of exposure. The prenatal window may be critical for boys, whereas infancy may be a critical window for girls.
机译：背景：氟化物在早期大脑发育期间与IQ缺陷有关，但儿童最敏感的时期是未知的。目的：我们评估了氟化氟化物对产前和产后曝光窗口的智商分数的影响。方法：我们在母婴对环境化学品妊娠和出生队列中的母婴研究中使用了596个母婴对的重复暴露。在妊娠期间，在孕妇中收集的尿液（Mg / L）测量氟化物，并在1.9和4.4岁之间的儿童中测量;调节氟化物以进行比重。我们估计使用水氟化物浓度和在第一年的第一年内喂养的含水氟化物浓度和持续时间估计婴儿氟化物暴露（Mg / Day）。智力在3 - 4年评估了使用氟斯勒学龄前和初级智力的智力。我们使用广义估计方程来检查氟化物暴露和智商之间的关联，调整协变量。给出基于标准化曝光的结果报告结果，因为它们不同的测量单位。结果：氟化物和性能智商（PIQ）之间的关联在儿童性交折叠的产前，婴儿期和儿童曝光窗口中显着不同（P = .001）。氟化物和PIQ之间最强的关联在产前窗口中，B = -2.36,95％CI：-3.63，-1.08;该关联在婴儿期也具有重要意义，B = -2.11,95％CI：-3.45，-0.76，但儿童较弱，B = -1.51,95％CI：-2.90，-0.12。在性别中，氟化物和PIQ之间的关联在三个曝光窗口中显着不同（男孩：P = .01;女孩：P = .01）;在男孩中，最强大的关联是在产前窗口中，B = -3.01,95％CI：-4.60，-1.42，而女孩，最强的关联是在婴儿期，B = -2.71,95％CI：-4.59， -0.83。满量程IQ估计比每个窗口的PIQ估计较弱。氟化物与任何曝光窗口的口头IQ没有显着相关。结论：氟化物暴露与PIQ之间的关联基于暴露时机不同。产前窗口对于男孩来说可能是至关重要的，而婴儿期可能是女孩的关键窗口。

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