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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental research >Determination of bromadiolone residues in fox faeces by LC/ESI-MS in relationship with toxicological data and clinical signs after repeated exposure
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Determination of bromadiolone residues in fox faeces by LC/ESI-MS in relationship with toxicological data and clinical signs after repeated exposure

机译：反复暴露后LC / ESI-MS测定狐粪粪便中的溴丙二醇残留量与毒理学数据和临床体征的关系

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In many countries, the fox (Vulpes vulpes), predator of small mammals, is particularly affected by anticoagulant rodenticides such as bromadiolone due to secondary poisoning. Nevertheless, to date, no method of exposure monitoring is applicable in the field over large areas, and no toxicological data are available concerning sensitivity of foxes to bromadiolone.rnThe aim of this work was to compare excretion kinetics of bromadiolone in fox faeces with clinical and haemostatic effects after repeated exposure to intoxicated voles. A sensitive method for the quantification of bromadiolone excretion in fox faeces and plasma was developed, using liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS). The LoD was 0.9 μg/kg and 0.15 μg/L, and the LoQ was 3.0 μg/kg and 0.5 μg/L, in faeces and in plasma, respectively. Four captive foxes were fed for 2 or 5 days with water voles (Arvicola terrestris Sherman) spiked with bromadiolone at concentrations close to those measured in the field. Faeces and blood were collected for bromadiolone titration, and blood-clotting tests were performed to monitor fox health daily during 10 days and then every 3-4 days until the end of the experiment (D28). Then, after euthanasia, a complete necropsy was performed, and levels of bromadiolone residues in the liver were determined.rnBromadiolone residues were detected in faeces 15 h after the first exposure. They increased dramatically during the exposure period and then gradually decreased, but they remained detectable at the end of the experiment, i.e., 26 days after the last exposure. Bromadiolone residues in plasma showed a similar pattern but were no longer detectable 7-24 days after the last exposure. Two foxes presented very severe external haemorrhages, requiring the administration of the antidote vitamin-K1. Bromadiolone residues in faeces and their relationships with exposure and other direct-markers that were measured are discussed. Liver residues and the toxicity data of our study will help to interpret data from fox carcasses collected by wildlife disease surveillance networks.rnThese findings provide a basis for programs aiming to monitor the exposure of wild fox populations to bromadiolone using non-invasive methods based on standard sampling and analysis of residues in faeces.
机译：在许多国家，小型哺乳动物的捕食者狐狸（Vulpes vulpes）由于二次中毒而特别受抗凝灭鼠药（如溴丙二醇）的影响。但是，迄今为止，尚无适用于大面积现场暴露监测的方法，并且尚无有关狐狸对溴嘧菌酮敏感性的毒理学数据。这项工作的目的是比较狐粪粪便中溴嘧菌酮的排泄动力学与临床和临床研究。反复接触陶醉的田鼠后有止血作用。开发了一种灵敏的方法，用于定量分析狐粪和血浆中溴代丙二酮的排泄量，方法是使用液相色谱结合电喷雾电离质谱（LC / ESI-MS）。在粪便和血浆中的LoD分别为0.9μg/ kg和0.15μg/ L，LoQ为3.0μg/ kg和0.5μg/ L。将四只圈养的狐狸喂入水田鼠（Arvicola terrestris Sherman）饲养2或5天，田间田鼠的浓度与实地测得的浓度接近。收集粪便和血液用于溴嘧菌酮滴定，每天进行凝血试验以监测狐狸的健康状况，持续10天，然后每3-4天监测一次，直到实验结束（D28）。然后，在安乐死后，进行完整的尸检，并测定肝脏中的溴嘧啶酮残留量。第一次暴露后15 h，粪便中检测到了溴苯丙隆酮残留物。它们在暴露期间急剧增加，然后逐渐减少，但在实验结束时，即最后一次暴露后26天，仍可检测到。血浆中的溴嘧啶酮残留量显示出相似的模式，但在最后一次暴露后7-24天不再可检测到。两只狐狸表现出非常严重的外部出血，需要服用解毒剂维生素K1。讨论了粪便中的溴嘧菌酮残留及其与暴露和其他直接标记物的关系。肝残留和我们的研究毒性数据将有助于解释野生动物疾病监测网络收集的狐狸尸体的数据。这些发现为旨在基于标准的非侵入性方法监测野生狐狸种群对溴苯丙隆的暴露提供了基础粪便中残留物的取样和分析。

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