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Safely Managed Hygiene: A Risk-Based Assessment of Handwashing Water Quality

机译：安全管理卫生：基于风险的洗手水质量评估

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摘要

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Indicator 6.2.1 requires household handwashing facilities to have soap and water, but there are no guidelines for handwashing water quality. In contrast, drinking water quality guidelines are defined: water must be "free from contamination" to be defined as "safely managed" (SDG Indicator 6.1.1). We modeled the hypothesized mechanism of infection due to contaminated handwashing water to inform risk-based guidelines for microbial quality of handwashing water. We defined two scenarios that should not occur: (1) if handwashing caused fecal contamination, indicated using Escherichia coli, on a person's hands to increase rather than decrease and (2) if hand-to-mouth contacts following handwashing caused an infection risk greater than an acceptable threshold. We found water containing 1000 E. soli colony-forming units (CFU) per 100 mL removes E. coli from hands with99.9% probability. However, for the annual probability of infection to be 1:1000, handwashing water must contain 2 x 10(-6) focus-forming units of rotavirus, 1 x 10(-4) CFU of Vibrio cholerae, and 9 x 10(-6) Cryptosporidium oocysts per 100 mL. Our model suggests that handwashing with nonpotable water will generally reduce fecal contamination on hands but may be unable to lower the annual probability of infection risks from hand-to-mouth contacts below 1:1000.
机译：可持续发展目标（SDG）指标6.2.1要求家用洗手设施必须有肥皂和水，但是没有关于洗手水质的准则。相反，定义了饮用水质量准则：必须将水“无污染”定义为“安全管理”（SDG指标6.1.1）。我们对污染的洗手水造成的假设感染机制进行了建模，以为基于风险的洗手水微生物质量指南提供依据。我们定义了不应发生的两种情况：（1）如果洗手导致使用人类大肠杆菌表达的粪便污染，而不是减少，而是增加而不是减少；（2）如果洗手后手口接触导致更大的感染风险超过可接受的阈值。我们发现每100毫升中含有<1000个大肠杆菌菌落形成单位（CFU）的水以99.9％的概率从手中除去了大肠杆菌。但是，要使年感染概率<1：1000，洗手水必须包含<2 x 10（-6）个轮状病毒焦点形成单位，<1 x 10（-4）霍乱弧菌CFU和<9每100毫升x 10（-6）隐孢子虫卵囊。我们的模型表明，用非饮用水洗手通常可以减少手上的粪便污染，但可能无法降低每年1：1000以下的手口接触引起的感染风险。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2019年第5期|2852-2861|共10页
  • 作者

    Verbyla Matthew E.; Pitol Ana K.; Navab-Daneshmand Tala; Marks Sara J.; Julian Timothy R.;

  • 作者单位

    Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Environm Chem, Sch Architecture Civil & Environm Engn ENAC, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland|San Diego State Univ, Dept Civil Construct & Environm Engn, San Diego, CA 92182 USA;

    Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Environm Chem, Sch Architecture Civil & Environm Engn ENAC, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland|Eawag, Swiss Fed Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland;

    Oregon State Univ, Sch Chem Biol & Environm Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA;

    Eawag, Swiss Fed Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland;

    Eawag, Swiss Fed Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland|Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland|Univ Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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