Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Breast Milk from the United States and Its Implications for Exposure in Infants

Zhu Hongkai; Kannan Kurunthachalam

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Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Breast Milk from the United States and Its Implications for Exposure in Infants

机译：美国母乳中三聚氰胺及其衍生物的发生及其对婴儿暴露的影响

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Melamine received public and regulatory attention in 2008 following a scandal that involved the adulteration of milk and infant formula in China that affected tens of thousands of infants. Little is known about human exposure and the food chain transfer of melamine and its derivatives. In this study, melamine, cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were analyzed in 100 human milk samples collected from the United States during the period of 2009-2012. Sigma Melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) was found in breast milk at concentrations that ranged from 0.176 to 10.0 ng/mL (median: 1.40 ng/ mL). Cyanuric acid was the major derivative, accounting for 73% of the total concentrations, followed by melamine (21%). No remarkable associations were noted between melamine and cyanuric acid concentrations and maternal/infant characteristics. The cumulative daily intakes of melamine (16.9-30.6 ng/kg bw/day) and cyanuric acid (88.8-161 ng/kg bw/day) were calculated for breast-fed infants and were found to be 1-2 orders of magnitude below the current tolerable daily intake. This is the first study to report the distribution of melamine and its derivatives in breast milk from the United States.

机译：在涉及涉及牛奶和婴儿配方奶粉掺假的丑闻之后，三聚氰胺在中国受到公众和监管部门的关注，在中国涉及成千上万的婴儿。关于人体暴露以及三聚氰胺及其衍生物的食物链转移知之甚少。在这项研究中，分析了从2009年至2012年期间从美国收集的100份人乳样品中的三聚氰胺，氰尿酸，氨甲林和乙酰胺。母乳中发现的西格玛三聚氰胺（三聚氰胺及其三个衍生物的总和）的浓度范围为0.176至10.0 ng / mL（中位数：1.40 ng / mL）。三聚氰胺是主要的衍生物，占总浓度的73％，其次是三聚氰胺（21％）。三聚氰胺和氰尿酸浓度与母婴特征之间没有显着关联。计算出母乳喂养婴儿的三聚氰胺（16.9-30.6 ng / kg bw /天）和三聚氰尿酸（88.8-161 ng / kg bw /天）的累积每日摄入量，发现低于三至两个数量级当前可忍受的每日摄入量。这是第一项报告三聚氰胺及其衍生物在美国母乳中分布的研究。

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《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2019年第13期|7859-7865|共7页
作者
Zhu Hongkai; Kannan Kurunthachalam;
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作者单位

SUNY Albany, New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Empire State Plaza,POB 509, Albany, NY 12201 USA|SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Empire State Plaza,POB 509, Albany, NY 12201 USA;

SUNY Albany, New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Empire State Plaza,POB 509, Albany, NY 12201 USA|SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Empire State Plaza,POB 509, Albany, NY 12201 USA|King Abdulaziz Univ, Fac Sci, Biochem Dept, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia|King Abdulaziz Univ, King Fand Med Res Ctr, Expt Biochem Unit, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;

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收录信息美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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1. Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Breast Milk from the United States and Its Implications for Exposure in Infants [J] . Zhu Hongkai, Kannan Kurunthachalam Environmental Science & Technology . 2019,第13期

机译：来自美国母乳中三聚氰胺及其衍生物的发生及其对婴儿暴露的影响
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3. Continuing Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Infant Formula and Dairy Products from the United States: Implications for Environmental Sources [J] . Zhu Hongkai, Kannan Kurunthachalam Environmental Science & Technology Letters . 2018,第11期

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5. Critical determinants of infant drug exposure via the breast milk: Infant systemic clearance and active transport mechanisms across the mammary epithelium. [D] . Alcorn, Mary-Jane. 2002

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Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Breast Milk from the United States and Its Implications for Exposure in Infants

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