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Electrochemical Desalination Using Intercalating Electrode Materials: A Comparison of Energy Demands

机译:使用嵌入电极材料进行的电化学脱盐:能源需求的比较

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摘要

One approach for desalinating brackish water is to use electrode materials that electrochemically remove salt ions from water. Recent studies found that sodium-intercalating electrode materials (i.e., materials that reversibly insert Na~+ ions into their structures) have higher specific salt storage capacities (mg_(salt)/g_(material)) than carbon-based electrode materials over smaller or similar voltage windows. These observations have led to the hypothesis that energy demands of electrochemical desalination systems can be decreased by replacing carbon-based electrodes with intercalating electrodes. To test this hypothesis and directly compare intercalation materials, we examined nine electrode materials thought to be capable of sodium intercalation in an electrochemical flow cell with respect to volumetric energy demands (W·h·L~(-1)) and thermodynamic efficiencies as a function of productivity (i.e., the rate of water desalination, L·m·h~(-1)). We also examined how the materials' charge-storage capacities changed over 50 cycles. Intercalation materials desalinated brackish water more efficiently than carbon-based electrodes when we assumed that no energy recovery occurred (i.e., no energy was recovered when the cell produced electrical power during cycling) and exhibited similar efficiencies when we assumed complete energy recovery. Nickel hexacyanoferrate exhibited the lowest energy demand among all of the materials and exhibited the highest stability over 50 cycles.
机译:使咸水脱盐的一种方法是使用可从水中电化学去除盐离子的电极材料。最近的研究发现,与碳基电极材料相比,钠基电极材料(即,可逆地将Na〜+离子可逆地插入其结构中的材料)比碳基电极材料具有更高的比盐存储容量(mg_(盐)/ g_(材料))。类似的电压窗口。这些观察结果提出了这样的假设:可以通过用嵌入电极代替碳基电极来降低电化学脱盐系统的能量需求。为了检验该假设并直接比较插层材料,我们针对体积能量需求(W·h·L〜(-1))和热力学效率,对9种被认为能够在电化学流通池中插层钠的电极材料进行了研究。生产率的函数(即水的脱盐率,L·m·h〜(-1))。我们还研究了材料在50个循环中的电荷存储容量如何变化。当我们假设没有能量回收发生时(即,当电池在循环过程中产生电能时,没有能量回收),插入材料使微咸水比碳基电极更有效,而当我们假定完全能量回收时,则表现出相似的效率。在所有材料中,六氰合铁酸镍显示出最低的能量需求,并且在50个循环中表现出最高的稳定性。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2020年第6期|3653-3662|共10页
  • 作者单位

    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 United States;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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