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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental Science & Technology >Evaluating the Effect of Ambient Concentrations, Route Choices,and Environmental (in)Justice on Students' Dose of Ambient NO_2 While Walking to School at Population Scales
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Evaluating the Effect of Ambient Concentrations, Route Choices,and Environmental (in)Justice on Students' Dose of Ambient NO_2 While Walking to School at Population Scales

机译：在人口鳞片上学时，评估周年浓度，路径选择和环境（in）正义对学生的疗程的影响

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摘要

The commuting microenvironment accounts for a large part of students' diurnal exposure to air pollution, especially in cities in developed countries where air pollution is caused predominantly by vehicle traffic. Accurate quantification of students' exposure and pollution dose during their commute from home to school requires their home addresses and details of the schools they attend. Such details are usually inaccessible or difficult to obtain at population scales due to privacy issues. Therefore, estimates of students' exposure to, and dose of, air pollution at population scales have to rely on simulated origins and destinations, which may bias the results. This contribution overcomes this limitation by quantifying students' terrain-based dosage of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO_2) during their commute from home to school while walking along (a) the shortest-distance routes and (b) an alternative lowest-dose route. This is determined at population scales for students in Auckland, New Zealand using a rich dataset of observed home addresses and schools attended for 14,091 walking students. This study also determines the bias introduced when using simulated addresses (as opposed to observed data) to calculate the same result. Finally, we examine exposure inequalities among students of different socioeconomic backgrounds at school, at home, and during walking commutes. Results show that only 17.48% of students in the whole of Auckland can find alternative lowest-dose routes. The portion is higher (26%) in central Auckland because of its better road network connectivity. The trade-off analysis identifies that for only about 30% of students, a 1% increase in route length is associated with a ＞1% reduction in dosage if using the alternative lowest-dose route. Greater benefits were observed in suburban Auckland (a less-polluted area) than in central Auckland, which highlights the importance of taking an alternative lowest-dose route, especially for students whose shortest-distance routes overlap with or run parallel to an arterial road. The use of simulated addresses resulted in underestimates of both the length and reduced dosage of the alternative routes by up to a quarter in comparison with the results derived from the observed data. Limited evidence of exposure inequality based on commuter exposure was found, but patterns in the central city were opposite to those in the suburbs.
机译：通勤微环境占大部分学生昼夜的空气污染，特别是在发达国家的城市，其中航空污染主要由车辆交通引起。准确定量学生的暴露和污染剂量在他们上学期间的通勤期间，需要他们参加的学校的家庭地址和细节。由于隐私问题，这些细节通常无法在人口尺度上获得或难以获得。因此，人口尺度的学生暴露和剂量的估计，人口尺度的空气污染不得不依赖模拟起源和目的地，这可能会偏见结果。这一贡献通过量化学生的周围的环境氮气（NO_2）在从家到学校的情况下沿着（a）最短距离路线和（b）替代的最低剂量路线来克服了这种限制的环境亚氧化物二氧化碳（NO_2）的限制。这是在奥克兰的学生的人口级别确定，新西兰使用了富人的观察家庭住址和学校参加了14,091名散步学生的学校。本研究还确定使用模拟地址时引入的偏差（而不是观察到的数据）来计算相同的结果。最后，我们在学校，家里和步行期间检查不同社会经济背景的学生的曝光不平等。结果表明，只有17.48％的奥克兰学生可以找到替代的最低剂量路线。由于其更好的道路网络连接，该部分在奥克兰中心更高（26％）。权衡分析识别，只有大约30％的学生，如果使用替代最低剂量的路线，则途径长度增加1％的途径随着剂量减少。在奥克兰郊区（污染较少的地区）观察到更大的效益，而不是奥克兰中部，这突出了采取替代最低剂量路线的重要性，特别是对于最短距离路线重叠或平行于动脉道路运行的学生。与从观察到的数据导出的结果相比，使用模拟地址的使用使得替代路线的长度和减少剂量减少了一个季度。发现基于通勤暴露的暴露不等式的有限证据，但中央城的模式与郊区的模式相反。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2020年第20期|12908-12919|共12页
  • 作者

    Xuying Ma; Ian Longley; Jay Gao; Jennifer Salmond;

  • 作者单位

    School of Environment Faculty of Science University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Auckland 1010 New Zealand;

    National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Auckland 1010 New Zealand;

    School of Environment Faculty of Science University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand;

    School of Environment Faculty of Science University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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