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Characterizing the Particle Composition and Cloud Condensation Nuclei from Shipping Emission in Western Europe

机译：从西欧运输发射中表征颗粒组成和云凝结核

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摘要

Commercial shipping is considered as an important source of air pollution and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). To assess the climatic and environmental impacts of shipping, detailed characterization of ship plumes near the point of emission and understanding of ship plume evolution further downwind are essential. This airborne measurement study presents the online characterization of particulate phase ship emissions in the region of Western Europe in 2019 prior to new international sulfur emission controls becoming enacted. More than 30 ships from both the sulfur emission control area (SECA) in the English Channel and the open sea (OS) are measured and compared. Ships within the SECA emitted much less sulfate (SO_4) compared with those at OS. When shifted to a lower apparent fuel sulfur content (FSC) at similar engine loads, the peak of the fresh ship emitting the particle number size distribution shifted from around 60-80 nm in diameter to below 40 nm in diameter. The emission factors (EFs) of sulfate are predicted to decrease by around 94% after the 2020 regulation on ship sulfur emission in the open ocean. The EFs of refractory black carbon (rBC) and organic compounds (Org) do not appear to be directly affected by the lower sulfur contents. The total number concentration for condensation nuclei (CN) ＞2.5 nm and ＞0.1 μm are predicated to be reduced by 69 and 56%, respectively. Measured plume evolution results indicate that the S(Ⅳ) to S(Ⅵ) conversion rate was around 23.4% per hour at the beginning of plume evolution, and the CCN and CN ＞2.5 nm ratio increased with plume age primarily due to condensation and coagulation. We estimate that the new sulfur emission regulation will lead to a reduction of more than 80% in CCN from fresh ship emissions. The ship-emitted EFs results presented here will also inform emission inventories, policymaking, climate, and human health studies.
机译：商业运输被认为是空气污染和云凝结核（CCN）的重要来源。为了评估运输的气候和环境影响，对船舶羽毛的详细表征在排放点附近的船舶羽毛进一步下行进一步下行至关重要。这种空中测量研究介绍了2019年在新的国际硫排放管制颁布之前西欧地区颗粒阶段船舶排放的在线特征。测量并比较了来自英语通道和Open Sea（OS）中的硫排放控制区域（SECA）的30多艘船。与OS上的SECA内的SECA内的船只少得多的硫酸盐（SO_4）。当在类似发动机负载下移入较低的表观燃料硫含量（FSC）时，发射粒子数尺寸分布的鲜船的峰值从直径约为60-80nm的直径偏移到40nm以下。在公开海洋船舶硫排放2020规则后，硫酸盐的排放因子（EFS）预计将减少约94％。耐火黑碳（RBC）和有机化合物（ORG）的EF似乎不会直接受硫含量的影响。缩合核（CN）> 2.5nm和>0.1μm的总数浓度分别预测分别减少69％和56％。测量的羽流蒸馏结果表明，S（Ⅳ）至S（Ⅵ）转化率在羽流逸出开始时为每小时约23.4％，并且CCN和CN> 2.5nm的比率主要由于凝结和凝固而增加了羽毛年龄。我们估计新的硫磺排放监管将导致从新鲜船舶排放的CCN减少超过80％。此处提供的船舶EFS结果还将通知排放库存，政策制定，气候和人类健康研究。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2020年第24期|15604-15612|共9页
  • 作者

    Chenjie Yu; Dominika Pasternak; James Lee; Mingxi Yang; Thomas Bell; Keith Bower; Huihui Wu; Dantong Liu; Chris Reed; Stephane Bauguitte; Sam Cliff; Jamie Trembath; Hugh Coe; James D. Allan;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL U.K.;

    Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of York York YO10 SDD U.K.;

    Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories Department of Chemistry and National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences University of York York YO10 SDD U.K.;

    Plymouth Marine Laboratory Plymouth PL1 3DH U.K.;

    Plymouth Marine Laboratory Plymouth PL1 3DH U.K.;

    Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL U.K.;

    Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL U.K.;

    Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China;

    National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences FAAM Airborne Laboratory Cranfield MK43 0AL U.K.;

    National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences FAAM Airborne Laboratory Cranfield MK43 0AL U.K.;

    National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences FAAM Airborne Laboratory Cranfield MK43 0AL U.K.;

    National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences FAAM Airborne Laboratory Cranfield MK43 0AL U.K.;

    Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL U.K.;

    Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL U.K.;

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