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Trace Metals in Soot and PM_(2.5) from Heavy-Fuel-Oil Combustion in a Marine Engine

机译:船用发动机中重油燃烧时烟灰和PM_(2.5)中的痕量金属

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摘要

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) particulate matter (PM) emitted by marine engines is known to contain toxic heavy metals, including vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni). The toxicity of such metals will depend on the their chemical state, size distribution, and mixing state. Using online soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SP-AMS), we quantified the mass of five metals (V, Ni, Fe, Na, and Ba) in HFO-PM soot particles produced by a marine diesel research engine. The in-soot metal concentrations were compared to in-PM_(2.5) measurements by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We found that <3% of total PM_(2.5) metals was associated with soot particles, which may still be sufficient to influence in-cylinder soot burnout rates. Since these metals were most likely present as oxides, whereas studies on lower-temperature boilers report a predominance of sulfates, this result implies that the toxicity of HFO PM depends on its combustion conditions. Finally, we observed a 4-to-25-fold enhancement in the ratio V:Ni in soot particles versus PM_(2.5), indicating an enrichment of V in soot due to its lower nucleation/condensation temperature. As this enrichment mechanism is not dependent on soot formation, V is expected to be generally enriched within smaller HFO-PM particles from marine engines, enhancing its toxicity.
机译:已知船用发动机排放的重质燃油(HFO)颗粒物(PM)包含有毒的重金属,包括钒(V)和镍(Ni)。这些金属的毒性取决于其化学状态,尺寸分布和混合状态。使用在线烟灰颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SP-AMS),我们对船用柴油研究引擎生产的HFO-PM烟灰颗粒中的五种金属(钒,镍,铁,钠和钡)的质量进行了定量。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)将烟灰中的金属浓度与PM_(2.5)进行了比较。我们发现,总PM_(2.5)中<3%的金属与烟灰颗粒有关,这仍可能足以影响缸内烟灰燃尽率。由于这些金属最有可能以氧化物形式存在,而在低温锅炉上的研究报告则以硫酸盐为主,因此该结果表明,HFO PM的毒性取决于其燃烧条件。最后,我们观察到烟灰颗粒中的V:Ni比PM_(2.5)增加了4到25倍,这表明烟灰中V的富集是由于其较低的成核/凝结温度。由于这种富集机制不依赖于烟灰的形成,因此一般预期V会在船用发动机的较小HFO-PM颗粒中富集,从而增强其毒性。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2018年第11期|6714-6722|共9页
  • 作者单位

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Institute for Atmospheric Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany;

    Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany;

    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 22, 16146 Genova, Italy,Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy;

    Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy;

    Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Department of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany,HICE − Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;

    Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany;

    Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany,HICE − Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

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