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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental Science & Technology >Water Use in the United States Energy System: A National Assessment and Unit Process Inventory of Water Consumption and Withdrawals
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Water Use in the United States Energy System: A National Assessment and Unit Process Inventory of Water Consumption and Withdrawals

机译：美国能源系统中的用水：国家用水量和取水量的评估和单位过程清单

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摘要

The United States (US) energy system is a large water user, but the nature of that use is poorly understood. To support resource comanagement and fill this noted gap in the literature, this work presents detailed estimates for US-based water consumption and withdrawals for the US energy system as of 2014, including both intensity values and the first known estimate of total water consumption and withdrawal by the US energy system. We address 126 unit processes, many of which are new additions to the literature, differentiated among 17 fuel cycles, five life cycle stages, three water source categories, and four levels of water quality. Overall coverage is about 99% of commercially traded US primary energy consumption with detailed energy flows by unit process. Energy-related water consumption, or water removed from its source and not directly returned, accounts for about 10% of both total and freshwater US water consumption. Major consumers include biofuels (via irrigation), oil (via deep well injection, usually of nonfreshwater), and hydropower (via evaporation and seepage). The US energy system also accounts for about 40% of both total and freshwater US water withdrawals, i.e., water removed from its source regardless of fate. About 70% of withdrawals are associated with the once-through cooling systems of approximately 300 steam cycle power plants that produce about 25% of US electricity.
机译：美国的能源系统是一个用水大户，但人们对此用途的性质了解甚少。为了支持资源协同管理并填补文献中指出的空白，这项工作提出了截至2014年美国能源系统在美国的用水量和取水量的详细估算值，包括强度值和总用水量和取水量的第一个已知估算值由美国能源系统。我们讨论了126个单元过程，其中许多是文献的新增内容，分为17个燃料循环，五个生命周期阶段，三个水源类别和四个水质等级。总体覆盖率约为美国商业一次交易能耗的99％，并按单位过程详细列出了能量流。与能源有关的用水量，或从其源头取走的水而不是直接返回的，约占美国总用水量和淡水用水量的10％。主要消费者包括生物燃料（通过灌溉），石油（通过深井注入，通常是非淡水注入）和水力发电（通过蒸发和渗流）。美国能源系统还占美国总取水量和淡水取水量的40％，即无论命运如何，从其源头取走的水。大约70％的取水量与大约300个蒸汽循环发电厂的直流冷却系统有关，这些系统发电量约占美国电力的25％。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2018年第11期|6695-6703|共9页
  • 作者

    Emily Grubert; Kelly T. Sanders;

  • 作者单位

    Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Y2E2 Suite 226, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States;

    Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Kaprielian Hall, Room 200b, 3620 S. Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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