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Total Mercury Released to the Environment by Human Activities

机译：人类活动释放到环境中的总汞

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摘要

We estimate that a cumulative total of 1540 (1060-2800) Gg (gigagrams, 10~9 grams or thousand tonnes) of mercury (Hg) have been released by human activities up to 2010, 7396 of which was released after 1850. Of this liberated Hg, 470 Gg were emitted directly into the atmosphere, and 74% of the air emissions were elemental Hg. Cumulatively, about 1070 Gg were released to land and water bodies. Though annual releases of Hg have been relatively stable since 1880 at 8 ± 2 Gg, except for wartime, the distributions of those releases among source types, world regions, and environmental media have changed dramatically. Production of Hg accounts for 27% of cumulative Hg releases to the environment, followed by silver production (24%) and chemicals manufacturing (12%). North America (30%), Europe (27%), and Asia (16%) have experienced the largest releases. Biogeochemical modeling shows a 3.2-fold increase in the atmospheric burden relative to 1850 and a contemporary atmospheric reservoir of 4.57 Gg, both of which agree well with observational constraints. We find that approximately 40% (390 Gg) of the Hg discarded to land and water must be sequestered at contaminated sites to maintain consistency with recent declines in atmospheric Hg concentrations.
机译：我们估计，截止到2010年，人类活动累计释放了1540（1060-2800）Gg（千兆克，10〜9克或千吨）的汞（Hg），其中7396是在1850年之后释放的。释放出的Hg，直接向大气中排放了470 Gg，空气中74％是元素Hg。累计向土地和水体释放了约1070 Gg。尽管自1880年以来，汞的年度释放相对稳定，为8±2 Gg（战时除外），但这些排放在来源类型，世界地区和环境媒体之间的分布发生了巨大变化。汞的生产量占向环境中累积的汞排放量的27％，其次是白银生产量（24％）和化学制品生产量（12％）。北美（30％），欧洲（27％）和亚洲（16％）的释放量最大。生物地球化学模型显示，相对于1850年，大气负荷增加了3.2倍，当代大气储量为4.57 Gg，这两者均与观测条件十分吻合。我们发现，必须将约40％（390 Gg）丢弃到陆地和水中的Hg隔离在受污染的地点，以保持与近期大气Hg浓度下降的一致性。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2017年第11期|5969-5977|共9页
  • 作者

    David G. Streets; Hannah M. Horowitz; Daniel I. Jacob; Zifeng Lu; Leonard Levin; Arnout F. H. ter Schure; Elsie M. Sunderland;

  • 作者单位

    Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States;

    Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States;

    School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States;

    Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States;

    Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States;

    Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States;

    School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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