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Spatial Distribution and Air-Water Exchange of Organic Flame Retardants in the Lower Great Lakes

机译：大湖下游有机阻燃剂的空间分布与水-水交换

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摘要

Organic flame retardants (OFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel halo-genated flame retardants (NHFRs) are ubiquitous, persistent, and bioaccumulative contaminants that have been used in consumer goods to slow combustion. In this study, polyethylene passive samplers (PEs) were deployed throughout the lower Great Lakes (Lake Erie and Lake Ontario) to measure OFRs in air and water, calculate air-water exchange fluxes, and investigate spatial trends. Dissolved Σ_(12)BDE was greatest in Lake Ontario near Toronto (18 pg/L), whereas gaseous Σ_(12)BDE was greatest on the southern shoreline of Lake Erie (11 pg/m~3). NHFRs were generally below detection limits. Air-water exchange was dominated by absorption of BDEs 47 and 99, ranging from －964 pg/m~2/day to －30 pg/m~2/day. Σ_(12)BDE in air and water was significantly correlated with surrounding population density, suggesting that phased-out PBDEs continued to be emitted from population centers along the Great Lakes shoreline in 2012. Correlation with dissolved Σ_(12)BDE was strongest when considering population within 25 km while correlation with gaseous Σ_(12)BDE was strongest when using population within 3 km to the south of each site. Bayesian kriging was used to predict dissolved Σ_(12)BDE over the lakes, illustrating the utility of relatively highly spatially resolved measurements in identifying potential hot spots for future study.
机译：有机阻燃剂（OFR），例如多溴二苯醚（PBDE）和新型卤代阻燃剂（NHFR）是普遍存在的，持久的，具有生物蓄积性的污染物，已被用于消费品中以减缓燃烧。在这项研究中，聚乙烯无源采样器（PEs）部署在大湖区下游（伊利湖和安大略湖），以测量空气和水中的OFR，计算空气-水交换通量，并调查空间趋势。溶解的Σ_（12）BDE在多伦多附近的安大略湖中最大（18 pg / L），而气态Σ_（12）BDE在伊利湖南部海岸线上最大（11 pg / m〜3）。 NHFR通常低于检测极限。空气-水交换主要受BDEs 47和99的吸收的影响，范围从－964 pg / m〜2 /天到－30 pg / m〜2 /天。空气和水中的Σ_（12）BDE与周围人口密度显着相关，这表明2012年大湖沿岸人口中心继续排放逐步淘汰的多溴二苯醚。考虑到溶解的Σ_（12）BDE的相关性最强。在每个站点以南3 km以内的人口中，25 km以内的人口与气态Σ_（12）BDE的相关性最强。贝叶斯克里金法用于预测湖泊中溶解的Σ_（12）BDE，这说明了相对高度空间分辨的测量值在识别潜在热点中的用途，以供将来研究。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2016年第17期|9133-9141|共9页
  • 作者

    Carrie A. McDonough; Gavino Puggioni; Paul A. Helm; Derek Muir; Rainer Lohmann;

  • 作者单位

    University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States;

    Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States;

    Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3 V6;

    Environment Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1;

    University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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