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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental Science & Technology >Endotoxins: The Critical Risk Factor in Reclaimed Water via Inhalation Exposure
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Endotoxins: The Critical Risk Factor in Reclaimed Water via Inhalation Exposure

机译：内毒素：通过吸入暴露在再生水中的关键危险因素

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摘要

The use of reclaimed water for nonpotable uses requires consideration of potential adverse health effects. Considering that inhalation can be a significant route of transmission of microorganisms and inflammatory agents, this study used a mouse model to test the possible adverse effects of reclaimed water use during car washing where aerosols are generated. Intensive innate immune responses were found in the lungs after acute exposure, and the lavage polymorphonu- clear cell proportion was the most sensitive end point. Four types of evidence are presented to demonstrate that the main risk factor that initiates innate inflammation is the free endotoxin. (1) Small molecules (＜10 kDa) cannot induce inflammation. (2) The endotoxin levels of 11 water samples from five different plants showed positive correlations with inflammatory responses. (3) Actual water samples showed similar activities with free endotoxins other than bacterially bound endotoxins. (4) Specific removal of endotoxins with polymyxin B affinity chromatography further confirmed the role of free endotoxins. It is noteworthy that 62.9% of the investigated tertiary-treated water had endotoxin levels higher than the allowable acute threshold (120 endotoxin units/mL) under the hypothesized car wash condition, which strongly suggests the need to carefully consider the water treatment steps required to produce safe water for various reclaimed water end uses.
机译：将再生水用于非饮用水需要考虑潜在的不利健康影响。考虑到吸入可能是微生物和发炎剂传播的重要途径，本研究使用小鼠模型测试了在产生气溶胶的洗车过程中再生水的使用可能产生的不利影响。急性暴露后在肺中发现了强烈的先天免疫反应，而灌洗多形核细胞比例是最敏感的终点。提出了四种类型的证据来证明引发先天性炎症的主要危险因素是游离内毒素。 （1）小分子（＜10 kDa）不能引起炎症。 （2）来自五种不同植物的11个水样中的内毒素水平与炎症反应呈正相关。 （3）实际水样中的游离内毒素与细菌结合的内毒素具有相似的活性。 （4）用多粘菌素B亲和层析特异性去除内毒素，进一步证实了游离内毒素的作用。值得注意的是，在假设的洗车条件下，接受调查的三级处理水中有62.9％的内毒素水平高于允许的急性阈值（120内毒素单位/ mL），这强烈表明需要仔细考虑需要采取的水处理步骤。为各种再生水最终用途生产安全的水。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2016年第21期|11957-11964|共8页
  • 作者

    Jinling Xue; Jinshan Zhang; Bi Xu; Jiani Xie; Wenzhao Wu; Yun Lu;

  • 作者单位

    State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China;

    State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China;

    State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China;

    State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China;

    State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China;

    State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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