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Critical Materials Recovery from Solutions and Wastes: Retrospective and Outlook

机译：从解决方案和废物中回收关键材料：回顾与展望

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摘要

One of the greatest challenges facing society in the 21st century is providing better living standards to all people while reducing and minimizing the impact of human activities on Earth's global environment and climate. During the past decade, sustainability has emerged as a unifying framework for addressing the global environmental, economic, and societal challenges facing the world. The Brundtland Commission of the United Nations defined "sustainable development" as "that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Materials are the building blocks and pillars of a sustainable society and global economy. There is a growing realization that the implementation of clean-energy technologies of the 21st century will require large amounts of critical metals including rare-earth elements (REEs), platinum group metals, copper, lithium, gallium, and precious metals (e.g., silver and gold). Significant amounts of phosphorus (P) will also be needed as the world faces the daunting challenge of doubling the amount of food it currently produces in order to feed around 9 billion people by 2050. As a society, we utilize and consume large amounts of minerals, metals, P, and other materials produced by mining with little or no recycling. Thus, our current management and stewardship of Earth's mineral and metal resources are not sustainable. Increasingly, impaired water (e.g., seawater, brines, and municipal/industrial waste-water) and solid wastes (e.g., discarded consumer products and sludge) are being viewed as alternative sources of critical metals and valuable elements to address global materials availability and supply challenges. Thus, in the next decades, environmental scientists/engineers, business leaders, and policy/ decision makers will be confronted with a new set of exciting opportunities and challenges to advance the viability of critical materials recovery from impaired water and solid wastes. In this special issue of Environmental Science & Technology (ES&T), we highlight recent advances on the recovery of critical/valuable metals and P from "wastes". Two key goals of this special issue are to (1) provide a retrospective and outlook of the state-of-the-field; and (2) bring into focus crosscutting scientific, technological, and environmental challenges along with corresponding societal and regulatory issues.
机译：21世纪社会面临的最大挑战之一是为所有人提供更好的生活水平，同时减少并最大程度地减少人类活动对地球全球环境和气候的影响。在过去的十年中，可持续性已成为应对世界所面临的全球环境，经济和社会挑战的统一框架。联合国布伦特兰委员会将“可持续发展”定义为“在不损害子孙后代满足其自身需求的能力的前提下，满足当今的需求”。材料是可持续社会和全球经济的基石和支柱。人们日益认识到，实施21世纪清洁能源技术将需要大量关键金属，包括稀土元素（REE），铂族金属，铜，锂，镓和贵金属（例如银）和黄金）。随着世界面临的挑战是将目前生产的食物数量翻倍，以在2050年之前养活约90亿人口，这一艰巨的挑战也将需要大量的磷（P）。作为一个社会，我们利用和消耗大量矿物质，金属，磷和其他采矿所产生的，很少或没有回收的材料。因此，我们目前对地球矿物和金属资源的管理和管理是不可持续的。越来越多的受损水（例如海水，盐水，市政/工业废水）和固体废物（例如废弃的消费品和污泥）被视为关键金属和有价值元素的替代来源，以解决全球材料的供应和供应问题。挑战。因此，在未来几十年中，环境科学家/工程师，商业领袖和政策/决策者将面临一系列新的令人兴奋的机遇和挑战，以提高从受损的水和固体废物中回收关键材料的可行性。在本期《环境科学与技术》（ES＆T）中，我们重点介绍了从“废物”中回收关键/有价值的金属和P的最新进展。本期特刊的两个主要目标是：（1）回顾和展望当前领域； （2）关注跨领域的科学，技术和环境挑战以及相应的社会和法规问题。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2015年第16期|9387-9389|共3页
  • 作者

    Mamadou S. Diallo; Gretchen Baier; Bruce A. Moyer; Bert Hamelers;

  • 作者单位

    Graduate School of EEWS (Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,Environmental Science and Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States;

    The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States;

    Chemical Separations Group and Critical Materials Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States;

    Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, 8900 CC, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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