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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental Science & Technology >High Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Infants: Associations with Baby Products
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High Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Infants: Associations with Baby Products

机译：婴儿中高有机磷阻燃剂的暴露：与婴儿用品的关联

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摘要

Infant products containing polyurethane foam are commonly treated with organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), including tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Infants may have greater exposure due to greater contact with these products, yet little is known about levels of exposure or the factors contributing to higher exposure. We recruited children age 2-18 months from North Carolina to investigate PFR exposure (n = 43; recruited 2014-2015). Parents provided information on potential sources and modifiers of exposure, and reported whether they owned common infant products. We measured five PFR metabolites in urine samples collected from children. TDCIPP and TPHP metabolites (bis(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP)) were most commonly detected (＞93% detect). Other metabolites were detected infrequently (＜35% detect). Although we did not observe a dear age trend for infants, BDCIPP levels were substantially higher than those reported for adults (geometric mean = 7.3 ng/mL). The number of infant products owned was strongly associated with BDCIPP; children with ＞16 products had BDCIPP levels that were 6.8 times those with ＜13 (p = 0.02). Infants attending daycare centers also had higher BDCIPP levels (3.7 times those of others; p = 0.07), suggesting time spent in this microenvironment contributes to higher exposure. In contrast, DPHP levels were not related to products owned, time in different microenvironments, or behavior.
机译：含有聚氨酯泡沫的婴儿产品通常使用有机磷酸酯阻燃剂（PFR）处理，包括三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCIPP）和磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）。婴儿可能会因为与这些产品的接触增多而暴露量更大，但对暴露水平或导致更高暴露水平的因素知之甚少。我们招募了北卡罗来纳州2-18个月的儿童，以调查其PFR暴露（n = 43； 2014-2015年招募）。父母提供了有关潜在暴露源和暴露调节剂的信息，并报告了他们是否拥有普通婴儿产品。我们测量了从儿童收集的尿液样本中的五种PFR代谢产物。 TDCIPP和TPHP代谢产物（磷酸双（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）酯（BDCIPP）和磷酸二苯酯（DPHP））最常见（检测率＞ 93％）。其他代谢物很少检出（检出率＜35％）。尽管我们没有观察到婴儿的年龄增长趋势，但BDCIPP水平明显高于成人的报告水平（几何平均值= 7.3 ng / mL）。拥有的婴儿产品数量与BDCIPP密切相关； ＞ 16种产品的儿童的BDCIPP水平是＜13种产品的儿童的6.8倍（p = 0.02）。进入日托中心的婴儿的BDCIPP水平也较高（是其他婴儿的3.7倍； p = 0.07），这表明在这种微环境中度过的时间有助于增加暴露量。相反，DPHP级别与所拥有的产品，在不同微环境中的时间或行为无关。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2015年第24期|14554-14559|共6页
  • 作者

    Kate Hoffman; Craig M. Butt; Albert Chen; Alexander T. Limkakeng Jr.; Heather M. Stapleton;

  • 作者单位

    Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 90328, United States;

    Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 90328, United States;

    Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 90328, United States;

    Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 90328, United States;

    Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 90328, United States;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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