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Industrial Steam Systems and the Energy-Water Nexus

机译：工业蒸汽系统和能源-水联系

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摘要

This paper presents estimates for water consumption and steam generation within U.S. manufacturing industries. These estimates were developed through the integration of detailed, industry-level fuel use and operation data with an engineering-based steam system model. The results indicate that industrial steam systems consume approximately 3780 TBTU/yr (3.98 × 10~9 GJ/yr) to generate an estimated 2.9 trillion lb/yr (1.3 trillion kg/yr) of steam. Since a good portion of this steam is injected directly into plant processes, vented, leaked, or removed via blowdown, roughly 354 MGD of freshwater must be introduced to these systems as makeup. This freshwater consumption rate is approximately 11% of that for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector, or the total residential consumption rate of Los Angeles, the second largest city in the U.S. The majority of this consumption (＞94%) can be attributed to the food, paper, petroleum refining, and chemicals industries. The results of the analyses presented herein provide previously unavailable detail on water consumption in U.S. industrial steam systems and highlight opportunities for combined energy and water savings.
机译：本文提供了美国制造业中水消耗和蒸汽产生的估计值。这些估算是通过将详细的行业级燃料使用和运行数据与基于工程的蒸汽系统模型相集成而得出的。结果表明，工业蒸汽系统每年消耗约3780 TBTU（3.98×10〜9 GJ /年），产生约2.9万亿磅/年（1.3万亿公斤/年）的蒸汽。由于这些蒸汽的很大一部分直接注入工厂过程中，通过排污排出，泄漏或除去，因此必须将大约354 MGD的淡水作为补充物引入这些系统。该淡水消耗率约为整个美国制造业的11％，或美国第二大城市洛杉矶的住宅总消耗率。该消耗量的大部分（＞ 94％）可归因于食物，造纸，石油精炼和化工行业。本文介绍的分析结果提供了美国工业蒸汽系统中水消耗的先前无法获得的细节，并突出了节能和节水的结合机会。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2013年第22期|13060-13067|共8页
  • 作者

    Michael E. Walker; Zhen Lv; Eric Masanet;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, RM E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States;

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, RM B224, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States;

    Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, RM E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, RM B224, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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