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Nanomaterial Transformation and Association with Fresh and Freeze-Dried Wastewater Activated Sludge: Implications for Testing Protocol and Environmental Fate

机译：纳米材料的转化以及与新鲜和冷冻干燥的废水活性污泥的缔合：对试验规程和环境命运的影响

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摘要

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are an emerging class of contaminants entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and standardized testing protocols are needed by industry and regulators to assess the potential removal of ENMs during wastewater treatment. A United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard method (OPPTS 835.1110) for estimating soluble pollutant removal during wastewater treatment using freeze-dried, heat-treated (FDH) activated sludge (AS) has been recently proposed for predicting ENM fate in WWTPs. This study is the first to evaluate the use of FDH AS in batch experiments for quantifying ENM removal from wastewater. While soluble pollutants sorbed equally to fresh and FDH AS, fullerene, silver, gold, and polystyrene nanoparticles' removals with FDH AS were approximately 60-100% less than their removals with fresh AS. Unlike fresh AS, FDH AS had a high concentration of proteins and other soluble organics in the liquid phase, an indication of bacterial membrane disintegration due to freeze-drying and heat exposure. This cellular matter stabilized ENMs such that they were poorly removed by FDH AS. Therefore, FDH AS is not a suitable sorbent for estimating nanoparticle removal in WWTPs, whereas fresh AS has been shown to reasonably predict full-scale performance for titanium removal. This study indicates that natural or engineered processes (e.g., anaerobic digestion, biosolids decomposition in soils) that result in cellular degradation and matrices rich in surfactant-like materials (natural organic matter, proteins, phospholipids, etc.) may transform nanoparticle surfaces and significantly alter their fate in the environment.
机译：工程纳米材料（ENM）是进入废水处理厂（WWTP）的新兴污染物类别，行业和监管机构需要标准化测试协议来评估废水处理过程中对ENM的潜在去除。最近提出了一种美国环境保护署（USEPA）标准方法（OPPTS 835.1110），用于估计使用冷冻干燥，热处理（FDH）活性污泥（AS）处理废水时的可溶性污染物去除量，以预测污水处理厂的ENM命运。这项研究是第一个评估FDH AS在批量实验中用于量化废水中ENM去除率的方法。尽管可溶性污染物平均吸收到新鲜和FDH AS中，但富勒烯，银，金和聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒的FDH AS去除量比新鲜AS去除量少60-100％。与新鲜的AS不同，FDH AS在液相中具有高浓度的蛋白质和其他可溶性有机物，这表明由于冻干和受热而导致细菌膜分解。这种细胞物质使ENM稳定，以致于FDH AS无法很好地去除它们。因此，FDH AS不适用于估算污水处理厂中纳米颗粒的去除，而新鲜的AS已被证明可以合理预测钛去除的全面性能。这项研究表明，导致细胞降解的自然或工程过程（例如，厌氧消化，土壤中的生物固体分解）和富含表面活性剂样物质（天然有机物，蛋白质，磷脂等）的基质可能会改变纳米粒子的表面并显着改变他们在环境中的命运。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2012年第13期|p.7046-7053|共8页
  • 作者

    Mehlika A. Kiser; David A. Ladner; Kiril D. Hristovski; Paul K. Westerhoff;

  • 作者单位

    Civil, Environmental, and Sustainable Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5306, United States;

    Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625-6510, United States;

    College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University-Polytechnic Campus, Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States;

    Civil, Environmental, and Sustainable Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5306, United States;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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