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New Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Swimming Pool Water and Their Permeability across Skin

机译:游泳池水中的新型卤化消毒副产物及其在皮肤中的渗透性

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摘要

Chlorine is widely used for disinfecting public swimming pool water. The disinfectant chlorine, protecting swimmers from pathogenic infection in swimming, may be responsible for some adverse effects on swimmers' skin and health. In this study, numerous new halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in chlorinated pool water were detected with a powerful precursor ion scan method using electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, with or without preparation with ultra performance liquid chromatography. These new pool DBPs were demonstrated to be mainly halo(nitro)phenols, resulting from chlorination of human body substances (such as urine) in the presence of bromide. Among these new DBPs, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-bromophenol, 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol, 2-bromo-6-chloro-4-nitrophenol, and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol were fully identified or confirmed. For 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2-bromophenol with pure standard compounds available, their permeability values across human skin were measured to be 0.031, 0.021, and 0.023 cm/h, respectively. The effects of chlorine on human skin were also investigated. The interaction of chlorine with epidermis was found to generate many new halogenated DBPs as well as common DBPs; the corneous layer was observed to become rough and even form larger pores after chlorine interaction. It is recommended that swimmers should avoid urinating in pools, and avoid prolonged swimming to reduce chlorine contact and prevent accelerated permeation of DBPs across skin.
机译:氯广泛用于公共游泳池水的消毒。氯消毒剂可保护游泳者免受游泳中的病原体感染,可能对游泳者的皮肤和健康产生一些不利影响。在这项研究中,使用电喷雾电离三重四极杆质谱,使用或不使用超高效液相色谱进行制备,采用强大的前驱体离子扫描方法,可以检测到氯化池水中大量新的卤化消毒副产物(DBP)。这些新的库DBP被证明主要是卤代(硝基)酚,是由于在溴化物存在下对人体物质(例如尿液)进行氯化而产生的。在这些新的DBP中,有2,4-二溴苯酚,2,4-二氯苯酚,2-溴苯酚,2,6-二溴-4-硝基苯酚,2-溴-6-氯-4-硝基苯酚和2,6-二氯-完全鉴定或确认了4-硝基苯酚。对于具有纯净标准化合物的2,4-二溴苯酚,2,4-二氯苯酚和2-溴苯酚,测得它们在人皮肤上的渗透性值分别为0.031、0.021和0.023 cm / h。还研究了氯对人体皮肤的影响。发现氯与表皮的相互作用产生了许多新的卤代DBP以及常见的DBP。观察到角膜层在氯相互作用后变得粗糙,甚至形成更大的孔。建议游泳者避免在游泳池中排尿,并避免长时间游泳以减少氯接触并防止DBP加速渗透到皮肤。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2012年第13期|p.7112-7119|共8页
  • 作者单位

    Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;

    Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China;

    Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China;

    Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China;

    Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;

    Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China;

    Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China;

    Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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  • 正文语种 eng
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