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Direct Measurements of the Ozone Formation Potential from Livestock and Poultry Waste Emissions

机译：畜禽粪便排放中臭氧形成潜能的直接测量

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摘要

The global pattern of expanding urban centers and increasing agricultural intensity is leading to more frequent interactions between air pollution emissions from urban and agricultural sources. The confluence of these emissions that traditionally have been separated by hundreds of kilometers is creating new air quality challenges in numerous regions across the United States. An area of particular interest is California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV), which has an agricultural output higher than many countries, a rapidly expanding human population, and ozone concentrations that are already higher than many dense urban areas. New regulations in the SJV restrict emissions of reactive organic gases (ROGs) from animal sources in an attempt to meet Federal and State ozone standards designed to protect human health. The objective of this work is to directly measure the ozone formation potential (OFP) of agricultural animal plus waste sources in representative urban and rural atmospheres using a transportable "smog" chamber. Four animal types were examined: beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, and poultry. Emissions from each animal plus waste type were captured in a 1 m~3 Teflon bag, mixed with representative background NO_x and ROG concentrations, and then exposed to UV radiation so that ozone formation could be quantified. The emitted ROG composition was also measured so that the theoretical incremental reactivity could be calculated for a variety of atmospheres and directly compared with the measured OFP under the experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that OFP associated with waste ROG emissions from swine (0.39 ± 0.04 g-O_3 per g-ROG), beef cattle (0.51 ± 0.10 g-O_3 per g-ROG), and dairy cattle (0.42 ± 0.07 g-O_3 per g-ROG) are lower than OFP associated with ROG emissions from gasoline powered light-duty vehicles (LDV) (0.69 ± 0.05 g-O_3 per g-ROG). The OFP of ROG emitted from poultry waste (1.35 ± 0.73 g-O_3 per g-ROG) is approximately double the LDV OFP. The measured composition of ROG emitted from animal plus waste sources is nine times less reactive than the current regulatory profiles that are based on dated measurements. The new animal waste ROG OFP measurements combined with adjusted animal waste ROG emissions inventory estimates predict that actual ozone production in the SJV from livestock and poultry (5.7 ± 1.3 tons O_3 day~(-1)) is 40 ± 10% of the ozone produced by light duty gasoline vehicles (14.3 ± 1.4 tons O_3 day~(-1)) under constant NO_x conditions.
机译：全球城市中心扩张和农业强度提高的格局正在导致城市和农业来源的空气污染排放之间更频繁的相互作用。这些排放物的汇流传统上已相距数百公里，这在美国许多地区都带来了新的空气质量挑战。加利福尼亚的圣华金谷（SJV）是一个特别令人感兴趣的地区，该州的农业产量高于许多国家，人口迅速增长，臭氧浓度已经高于许多人口稠密的城市地区。 SJV中的新法规限制了动物源性反应性有机气体（ROG）的排放，以期达到旨在保护人类健康的联邦和州臭氧标准。这项工作的目的是使用可移动的“烟雾”室直接测量具有代表性的城市和乡村大气中的农业动物以及废物源的臭氧形成潜能（OFP）。检查了四种动物类型：肉牛，奶牛，猪和家禽。将每种动物和废物类型的排放物收集在一个1 m〜3的特氟龙袋中，与代表性的背景NO_x和ROG浓度混合，然后暴露于紫外线辐射下，从而可以定量确定臭氧的形成。还测量了排放的ROG组成，以便可以计算各种气氛的理论增量反应性，并直接与实验条件下测得的OFP进行比较。结果表明，OFP与猪（每g-ROG 0.39±0.04 g-O_3），肉牛（每g-ROG 0.51±0.10 g-O_3）和奶牛（0.42±0.07 g-O_3）的废物ROG排放相关低于汽油驱动的轻型车辆（LDV）的ROG排放相关的OFP（每g-ROG 0.69±0.05 g-O_3）。家禽粪便排放的ROG的OFP（每g-ROG 1.35±0.73 g-O_3）约为LDV OFP的两倍。从动物和废物源中排放出的ROG的测量成分的反应性是基于最新测量结果的当前法规概况的九倍。新的动物粪便ROG OFP测量结果与调整后的动物粪便ROG排放清单估算值相结合，可以预测畜禽养殖中合资企业的实际臭氧产量（5.7±1.3吨O_3天〜（-1））为所产生臭氧的40±10％在恒定的NO_x条件下使用轻型汽油车（14.3±1.4吨O_3天〜（-1））。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2010年第7期|p.2292-2298|共7页
  • 作者

    CODY J. HOWARD; ANUJ KUMAR; FRANK MITLOEHNER; KIMBERLY STACKHOUSE; PETER G. GREEN; ROBERT G. FLOCCHINI; MICHAEL J. KLEEMAN;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616;

    rnDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616 Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616;

    Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616;

    rnDepartment of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616;

    rnDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616;

    rnCrocker Nuclear Laboratory, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616;

    rnDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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