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Continuous Monitoring of PCDD/Fs in the UK Atmosphere: 1991-2008

机译:连续监测英国大气中的PCDD / F:1991-2008年

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摘要

This study summarizes the key findings of a long-term (1991-2008) monitoring program to measure polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in urban and rural ambient air in the UK. Air concentrations are reported for 6 sites-3 urban (London, Manchester, and Middlesbrough) and 3 rural/semirural (Hazelrigg, High Muffles, and Stoke Ferry). Nearly 310 samples have been analyzed, each for a 3-month period. Annually averaged urban concentrations in the early 1990s were typically a few 100s fg (TEQ) m~(-3) and <50 fg m~(-3) in the mid-2000s. Applying first-order kinetics to the whole urban time series gave T_(1/2)(atmospheric half-lives) in London and Manchester of 3.2-5.9 and 4.1 -5.9 years, respectively. Estimated national annual atmospheric emissions trends broadly correlated with the trends in urban ambient concentrations, suggesting that the inventory has captured the broad mixture of sources. However, rural air concentrations {in the low 10s fg m~(-3)) show no discernible change since 1996, while recent urban concentrations are close to those in rural areas. Other UK trend data infer the declines in the 1990s followed previous declines in the 1980s from peak levels in the 1950-1970s, all before routine monitoring began. Winter concentrations are generally a factor of 2-3 higherthan summer concentrations, implicating diffuse combustion sources (e.g., domestic space heating). These observations taken together suggest that most major readily controllable primary/point sources were reduced by the early/mid-1990s in the UK and that current ambient levels in both rural and urban areas may remain at broadly similar levels in the foreseeable future, unless there are major changes in energy requirements and generation options, fuel usage, and policy drivers.
机译:这项研究总结了一项长期(1991-2008年)监测计划的主要发现,该计划用于测量英国城市和农村环境空气中的多氯二苯并对二恶英和二苯并呋喃(PCDD / Fs)。据报告,有6个场所的空气浓度为3个城市(伦敦,曼彻斯特和米德尔斯堡)和3个农村/半露天场所(Hazelrigg,High Muffles和Stoke Ferry)。已分析了近310个样品,每个样品进行了3个月。在1990年代初期,年平均城市浓度通常为几百个fg m〜(-3),在2000年代中期小于50 fg m〜(-3)。将一阶动力学应用于整个城市时间序列,得出伦敦和曼彻斯特的T_(1/2)(大气半衰期)分别为3.2-5.9年和4.1-5.9年。估计的国家年度大气排放趋势与城市环境浓度的趋势大致相关,这表明清单已经涵盖了各种来源。然而,自1996年以来,农村空气浓度(在10s fg m〜(-3)的低水平)没有明显变化,而最近的城市浓度接近农村地区。英国的其他趋势数据推断出1990年代的下降是继常规监测开始之前的1950-1970年代高峰水平之后的1980年代以前的下降。冬季的浓度通常比夏季的浓度高2-3倍,这意味着存在分散的燃烧源(例如家庭室内取暖)。这些观察结果共同表明,到1990年代初/中期,英国减少了大多数主要的易于控制的主要/点源,并且在可预见的将来,除非可能出现这种情况,否则农村和城市地区的当前环境水平可能会保持大致相似的水平。是能源需求和发电选择,燃料使用和政策驱动因素的重大变化。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2010年第15期|p.5735-5740|共6页
  • 作者单位

    Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University,Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.;

    rnLancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University,Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.;

    rnLancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University,Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.;

    rnLancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University,Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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  • 正文语种 eng
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