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Exergy: Its Potential and Limitations in Environmental Science and Technology

机译：火用：其在环境科学技术中的潜力和局限性

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摘要

New technologies, either renewables-based or not, are confronted with both economic and technical constraints. Their development takes advantage of considering the basic laws of economics and thermodynamics. With respect to the latter, the exergy concept pops up. Although its fundamentals, that is, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, were already established in the 1800s, it is only in the last years that the exergy concept has gained a more widespread interest in process analysis, typically employed to identify inefficiencies. However, exergy analysis today is implemented far beyond technical analysis; it is also employed in environmental, (thermo)economic, and even sustainability analysis of industrial systems. Because natural ecosystems are also subjected to the basic laws of thermodynamics, it is another subject of exergy analysis. After an introduction on the concept itself, this review focuses on the potential and limitations of the exergy concept in (1) ecosystem analysis, utilized to describe maximum storage and maximum dissipation of energy flows (2); industrial system analysis: from single process analysis to complete process chain analysis (3); (thermo)economic analysis, with extended exergy accounting; and (4) environmental impact assessment throughout the whole life cycle with quantification of the resource intake and emission effects. Apart from technical system analysis, it proves that exergy as a tool in environmental impact analysis may be the most mature field of application, particularly with respect to resource and efficiency accounting, one of the major challenges in the development of sustainable technology. Far less mature is the exergy analysis of natural ecosystems and the coupling with economic analysis, where a lively debate is presently going on about the actual merits of an exergy-based approach.
机译：新技术，无论是否基于可再生能源，都面临着经济和技术上的限制。他们的发展利用了经济学和热力学的基本定律。关于后者，出现了火用概念。尽管其基本原理（即热力学第二定律）已在1800年代确立，但直到最近几年，“火用”概念才对过程分析（通常用于识别低效率）产生了更广泛的兴趣。但是，今天的火用分析远远超出了技术分析的范围。它也用于环境，（热）经济，甚至工业系统的可持续性分析。由于自然生态系统也要遵守热力学的基本定律，因此它是火用分析的另一主题。在对概念本身进行介绍之后，本综述着重于（1）生态系统分析中的火用概念的潜力和局限性，用于描述能量流的最大存储和最大耗散（2）；工业系统分析：从单一过程分析到完整过程链分析（3）； （热）经济分析，扩展了火用会计； （4）在整个生命周期中进行环境影响评估，并对资源的吸收和排放影响进行量化。除了技术系统分析之外，它还证明，作为环境影响分析工具的火用可能是最成熟的应用领域，尤其是在资源和效率核算方面，这是可持续技术发展的主要挑战之一。自然生态系统的火用分析以及经济分析的结合还不很成熟，目前有关用火用方法的实际优点的争论很激烈。

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