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Organic contaminants in mountains

机译：山区有机污染物

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The study of organic contaminants at high altitudes is motivated by the potential risk that they pose to humans living in, or depending on resources derived from, mountains, and to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in alpine areas. Mountains are also ideal settings to study contaminant transport and behavior along gradients of climate and surface cover. Information on organic contaminants in mountains is compiled from the literature and synthesized, with a focus on atmospheric transport and deposition, contaminant dynamics in alpine lakes and aquatic organisms, and concentration differences with altitude. Diurnal mountain winds, in connection with enhanced deposition at higher elevations caused by low temperatures and high precipitation rates, conspire to make mid-latitude mountains become convergence zones for selected persistent organic chemicals. In particular, the more volatile constituents of contaminant mixtures seem to become enriched, relative to the less volatile constituents at higher altitudes. For selected contaminants, concentration inversions (i.e., concentrations that increase with elevation) have been observed. A notable difference between cold trapping in high latitudes and high altitudes is the likely importance of precipitation. High rates of snow deposition in mid- and high-latitude mountains may lead to a large contaminant release during snowmelt. Regions above the tree line often have little capacity to retain the released contaminants, suggesting the potential for a highly dynamic contaminant fate situation during the snow-free season with significant revolatilization and runoff. The chemical and environmental factors that control the orographic cold trapping of organic contaminants should be examined further by measuring and comparatively interpreting concentration gradients along several mountain slopes with widely different characteristics. Future efforts should further focus on the bioaccumulation and potential effects of contaminants in the upper trophic levels of alpine food chains, on measuring more water-soluble, persistent organic contaminants, and on studying how climate change may affect contaminant dynamics in mountain settings.
机译：对高海拔地区的有机污染物的研究是由其对生活在高山中或依赖高山资源的人类以及高山地区的陆地和水生生态系统构成的潜在风险推动的。山脉也是研究污染物沿气候和地表覆盖率的迁移和行为的理想场所。从文献中汇编并综合了有关山区有机污染物的信息，重点是大气运输和沉​​积，高山湖泊和水生生物中污染物的动态以及浓度随海拔的差异。昼夜的山风与低温和高降水率导致的高海拔地区沉积增加有关，共同使中纬度山区成为某些持久性有机化学品的汇聚区。特别地，相对于较高海拔下的挥发性较小的成分，污染物混合物中挥发性较高的成分似乎变得富集。对于选定的污染物，已经观察到浓度倒置（即浓度随海拔升高而增加）。高纬度地区和高海拔地区的冷阱之间的显着差异是降水的重要性。中高纬度山区的积雪率很高，可能导致融雪期间大量污染物的释放。林线上方的区域通常没有能力保留释放的污染物，这表明在无雪季节高动态的污染物命运状况具有很大的挥发和径流的潜力。应通过测量和比较解释几个特性迥异的山坡上的浓度梯度来进一步检查控制有机污染物在地形上冷阱的化学和环境因素。未来的工作应进一步集中在高山食物链营养级别较高的生物积累和污染物的潜在影响，测量更多的水溶性持久性有机污染物，以及研究气候变化如何影响山区环境中的污染物动态。

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