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Geophysical imaging of stimulated microbial biomineralization

机译：受激微生物生物矿化的地球物理成像

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Understanding how microorganisms influence the physical and chemical properties of the subsurface is hindered by our inability to observe microbial dynamics in real time and with high spatial resolution. Here, we investigate the use of noninvasive geophysical methods to monitor biornineralization at the laboratory scale during stimulated sulfate reduction under dynamic flow conditions. Alterations in sediment characteristics resulting from microbe-mediated sulfide mineral precipitation were concomitant with changes in complex resistivity and acoustic wave propagation signatures. The sequestration of zinc and iron in insoluble sulfides led to alterations in the ability of the pore fluid to conduct electrical charge and of the saturated sediments to dissipate acoustic energy. These changes resulted directly from the nucleation, growth, and development of nanoparticulate precipitates along grain surfaces and within the pore space. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) confirmed the sulfides to be associated with cell surfaces, with precipitates ranging from aggregates of individual 3-5 nm nanocrystals to larger assemblages of up to 10-20 mu m in diameter. Anomalies in the geophysical data reflected the distribution of mineral precipitates and biomass over space and time, with temporal variations in the signals corresponding to changes in the aggregation state of the nanocrystalline sulfides. These results suggest the potential for using geophysical techniques to image certain subsurface biogeochemical processes, such as those accompanying the bioremediation of metal-contaminated aquifers.
机译：我们无法实时且以高空间分辨率观察微生物动态，这妨碍了了解微生物如何影响地下的物理和化学特性。在这里，我们研究了在动态流动条件下在受刺激的硫酸盐还原过程中，在实验室规模上使用无创地球物理方法监测生物矿化作用。由微生物介导的硫化物矿物沉淀引起的沉积物特征的变化伴随着复杂电阻率和声波传播特征的变化。锌和铁在不溶性硫化物中的螯合导致孔隙流体传导电荷的能力和饱和沉积物消散声能的能力发生变化。这些变化直接归因于沿颗粒表面和孔空间内的纳米颗粒沉淀物的形核，生长和发展。扫描和透射电子显微镜（SEM和TEM）证实了硫化物与细胞表面相关，沉淀物的范围从单个3-5 nm纳米晶体的聚集体到直径最大为10-20μm的更大的集合体。地球物理数据的异常反映了矿物沉淀物和生物质在空间和时间上的分布，信号的时间变化与纳米晶硫化物的聚集状态变化相对应。这些结果表明，使用地球物理技术对某些地下生物地球化学过程（例如伴随金属污染的含水层进行生物修复的过程）成像的潜力。

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