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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental toxicology and chemistry >TOXICOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE OSMOREGULATION AND IONOREGULATION PHYSIOLOGY OF MAJOR IONS BY FRESHWATER ANIMALS: TELEOST FISH, CRUSTACEA, AQUATIC INSECTS, AND MOLLUSCA
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TOXICOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE OSMOREGULATION AND IONOREGULATION PHYSIOLOGY OF MAJOR IONS BY FRESHWATER ANIMALS: TELEOST FISH, CRUSTACEA, AQUATIC INSECTS, AND MOLLUSCA

机译：淡水动物对主要离子的渗透调节和离子调节生理的毒理学透视：硬鱼，甲壳动物，水生昆虫和软体动物

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Anthropogenic sources increase freshwater salinity and produce differences in constituent ions compared with natural waters. Moreover, ions differ in physiological roles and concentrations in intracellular and extracellular fluids. Four freshwater taxa groups are compared, to investigate similarities and differences in ion transport processes and what ion transport mechanisms suggest about the toxicity of these or other ions in freshwater. Although differences exist, many ion transporters are functionally similar and may belong to evolutionarily conserved protein families. For example, the Na+/H+-exchanger in teleost fish differs from the H+/2Na(+)(or Ca2+)-exchanger in crustaceans. In osmoregulation, Na+ and Cl- predominate. Stenohaline freshwater animals hyperregulate until they are no longer able to maintain hypertonic extracellular Na+ and Cl- concentrations with increasing salinity and become isotonic. Toxic effects of K+ are related to ionoregulation and volume regulation. The ionic balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids is maintained by Na-vertical bar/K-vertical bar-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), but details are lacking on apical K-vertical bar transporters. Elevated H-vertical bar affects the maintenance of internal Na+ by Na+/H+ exchange; elevated HCO3- inhibits Cl- uptake. The uptake of Mg2+ occurs by the gills or intestine, but details are lacking on Mg2+ transporters. In unionid gills, SO42- is actively transported, but most epithelia are generally impermeant to SO42-. Transporters of Ca2+ maintain homeostasis of dissolved Ca2+. More integration of physiology with toxicology is needed to fully understand freshwater ion effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36: 576-600. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
机译：与天然水相比，人为来源增加了淡水盐度，并在组成离子上产生差异。此外，离子在细胞内和细胞外液中的生理作用和浓度不同。比较了四个淡水类群，以研究离子迁移过程的异同以及有关这些离子或其他离子在淡水中毒性的离子迁移机理。尽管存在差异，但许多离子转运蛋白在功能上相似，可能属于进化保守的蛋白质家族。例如，硬骨鱼中的Na + / H +交换子不同于甲壳类动物中的H + / 2Na（+）（或Ca2 +）交换子。在渗透调节中，Na +和Cl-占主导。盐卤淡水动物过度调节，直到它们不再能够随着盐度的增加而保持高渗细胞外Na +和Cl-的浓度并成为等渗的。 K +的毒性作用与电离调节和体积调节有关。 Na-垂直棒/ K-垂直棒-腺苷三磷酸酶（ATPase）维持细胞内和细胞外液之间的离子平衡，但顶端K-垂直棒转运蛋白尚缺乏细节。高H竖线影响Na + / H +交换对内部Na +的维持；升高的HCO3-抑制Cl吸收。 Mg2 +的吸收是由the或肠道吸收的，但Mg2 +转运蛋白尚缺乏细节。在工会union中，SO42-被积极转运，但大多数上皮细胞通常不渗透SO42-。 Ca 2+的转运蛋白维持溶解的Ca 2+的稳态。为了充分了解淡水离子效应，需要将生理学与毒理学进一步结合。环境毒性化学2017; 36：576-600。代表SETAC发布了2016年Wiley Periodicals Inc.。本文是美国政府的工作，因此，它属于美国的公共领域。

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