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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental toxicology and chemistry >THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CHYTRID FUNGUS, PESTICIDES, AND EXPOSURE TIMING ON GRAY TREEFROG (HYLA VERSICOLOR) LARVAE
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THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CHYTRID FUNGUS, PESTICIDES, AND EXPOSURE TIMING ON GRAY TREEFROG (HYLA VERSICOLOR) LARVAE

机译：柠檬真菌，杀虫剂和暴露时间对灰树苗（HYLA VERSICOLOR）幼虫的交互作用

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摘要

Aquatic organisms are often exposed to a wide variety of perturbations in nature, including pathogens and chemical contaminants. Despite the co-occurrence of these 2 stressors, few studies have examined the effects of chemical contaminants on host-pathogen dynamics. The authors tested the individual and combined effects on gray treefrog (Hyla versieolor) tadpoles of 2 commonly used pesticides (Roundup~® and Sevin~®) and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). A fully factorial design was used, and tadpoles were exposed to Bd, Roundup, or Sevin alone, or a combination of Bd and either pesticide at 3 points during larval development (early, mid, late). It was predicted that pesticides would mediate the effect of Bd on tadpoles and reduce the likelihood of negative consequences of infection and that timing of exposure would influence these effects. Tadpoles exposed to Bd at the mid point experienced higher survival through metamorphosis than those exposed to Bd at the early or late points, while tadpoles exposed to Sevin at the early point experienced reduced survival compared with those exposed to Roundup of no-pesticide control at the same exposure point. Roundup ameliorated the effects of Bd on survival compared with tadpoles exposed to Bd alone, while there was no interactive effect of Sevin on survival. In addition, Sevin reduced mass of new metamorphs compared with Roundup and reduced snout-vent length compared with all other treatments. The present study supports the hypothesis that pesticides can mitigate the effects of Bd on amphibian hosts and that such effects may depend on the timing of exposure.
机译：水生生物常常在自然界中受到各种干扰，包括病原体和化学污染物。尽管这两个压力源同时出现，但很少有研究检查化学污染物对宿主-病原体动力学的影响。作者测试了2种常用农药（Roundup®和Sevin®）和致病性真菌Dentrabatidis（Bd）对灰树蛙（Hyla versieolor）t的单独和联合作用。使用全因子设计，design在幼体发育过程中的三个点（早，中，晚）分别暴露于Bd，Roundup或Sevin或Bd和任一农药的组合中。据预测，农药将介导B对on的影响，并减少感染产生负面影响的可能性，接触时间会影响这些影响。与在早期或晚期点接触Bedup的exposed相比，在中间点接触Bd的通过变态的存活率要比在早期或晚期点接触的higher更高，而在早期Sevin接触的experienced的存活率要低。相同的曝光点。与单独暴露于Bd的t相比，Roundup改善了Bd对生存的影响，而Sevin对生存没有交互作用。此外，与Roundup相比，Sevin减少了新的变体的质量，与所有其他处理相比，减少了口鼻孔的长度。本研究支持以下假设：农药可以减轻Bd对两栖动物宿主的影响，而这种影响可能取决于接触时间。

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