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Risks of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Honeybees

机译：新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的风险

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摘要

The European honeybee, Apis mellifera, is an important pollinator of agricultural crops. Since 2006, when unexpectedly high colony losses were first reported, articles have proliferated in the popular press suggesting a range of possible causes and raising alarm over the general decline of bees. Suggested causes include pesticides, genetically modified crops, habitat fragmentation, and introduced diseases and parasites. Scientists have concluded that multiple factors in various combinations-including mites, fungi, viruses, and pesticides, as well as other factors such as reduction in forage, poor nutrition, and queen failure-are the most probable cause of elevated colony loss rates. Investigators and regulators continue to focus on the possible role that insecticides, particularly the neonicotinoids, may play in honeybee health. Neonicotinoid insecticides are insect neurotoxicants with desirable features such as broad-spectrum activity, low application rates, low mammalian toxicity, upward systemic movement in plants, and versatile application methods. Their distribution throughout the plant, including pollen, nectar, and guttation fluids, poses particular concern for exposure to pollinators. The authors describe how neonicotinoids interact with the nervous system of honeybees and affect individual honeybees in laboratory situations. Because honeybees are social insects, colony effects in semifield and field studies are discussed. The authors conclude with a review of current and proposed guidance in the United States and Europe for assessing the risks of pesticides to honeybees. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:719-731. © 2014 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of SEATC. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
机译：欧洲蜜蜂Apis mellifera是农作物的重要授粉媒介。自2006年以来，首次报道了出乎意料的高集落损失，自那时以来，在大众媒体上纷纷刊载文章，暗示了一系列可能的原因，并对蜜蜂的普遍减少提出了警告。建议的原因包括农药，转基因作物，栖息地破碎以及引入的疾病和寄生虫。科学家得出的结论是，螨虫，真菌，病毒和农药等各种组合中的多种因素，以及草料减少，营养不良和蚁后衰竭等其他因素，是菌落丧失率升高的最可能原因。调查人员和管理人员继续关注杀虫剂（尤其是新烟碱类）在蜜蜂健康中可能发挥的作用。新烟碱类杀虫剂是具有期望特性的昆虫神经毒剂，例如广谱活性，低施用率，低哺乳动物毒性，植物体内向上运动以及通用的施用方法。它们在植物中的分布，包括花粉，花蜜和灌肠液，特别需要暴露在授粉媒介上。作者描述了新烟碱类物质如何与蜜蜂的神经系统相互作用，并在实验室情况下影响单个蜜蜂。由于蜜蜂是社交昆虫，因此讨论了半田和田野研究中的集落效应。作者总结了美国和欧洲目前和拟议的指南，以评估农药对蜜蜂的危害。 Environ Toxicol Chem 2014； 33：719-731。 ©2014作者。 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SEATC发布的环境毒理学和化学。这是根据知识共享署名许可协议的条款提供的开放获取的文章，只要适当引用了原始作品，该许可就可以在任何介质中使用，分发和复制。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Environmental toxicology and chemistry》 |2014年第4期|719-731|共13页
  • 作者

    Anne Fairbrother; John Purdy; Troy Anderson; Richard Fell;

  • 作者单位

    Exponent, Bellevue, Washington;

    Abacus Consulting Services, Campbellville, Ontario, Canada;

    Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA;

    Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    Neonicotinoid; Honeybee; Risk assessment; Insecticide;

    机译：新烟碱;蜜蜂;风险评估;杀虫剂;

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