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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental toxicology and chemistry >NUTRIENT LOSS WITH RUNOFF FROM FAIRWAY TURF: AN EVALUATION OF CORE CULTIVATION PRACTICES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
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NUTRIENT LOSS WITH RUNOFF FROM FAIRWAY TURF: AN EVALUATION OF CORE CULTIVATION PRACTICES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

机译：沿风道径流流失的养分：核心耕作方式及其对环境的影响

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The presence of excess nutrients in surface waters can result in undesirable environmental and economic consequences, including nuisance algal blooms and eutrophication. Fertilizer use in highly managed turf systems has raised questions concerning the contribution of nutrients to surrounding surface waters. Experiments were designed to quantify phosphorus and nitrogen transport with runoff from turf plots maintained as a golf course fairway to identify which cultural practice, solid tine (ST) or hollow tine (HT) core cultivation, maximized phosphorus and nitrogen retention at the site of fertilizer application. Simulated precipitation and collection of resulting runoff were completed 26 ± 13 h following granular fertilizer application (18-3-18: N-P_2O_5-K_2O) and 63 d and 2 d following core cultivation. Runoff volumes were reduced in fairway turf plots aerated with HT relative to ST (63 d: 10%, 2 d: 55% reduction). Analysis of the runoff revealed a reduction in soluble phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen losses with runoff from plots managed with HT; a 5 to 27% reduction after 63 d; and a 39 to 77% reduction at 2 d. Golf course runoff-to-surface water scenarios were used to calculate estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface water receiving runoff from turf managed with ST or HT core cultivation. Surface water concentrations of phosphorus remained above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency' s water quality criteria to limit eutrophication, with the exception of concentrations associated with HT core cultivation at 2 d. Regardless of management practice (ST or HT) and time between core cultivation and runoff (63 d or 2 d), all EECs of nitrogen were below levels associated with increased algal growth. Understanding nutrient transport with runoff and identifying strategies that reduce off-site transport will increase their effectiveness at intended sites of application and minimize undesirable effects to surrounding surface water resources..
机译：地表水中过量营养物的存在会导致不良的环境和经济后果，包括令人讨厌的藻华和富营养化。在高度管理的草皮系统中使用肥料引起了有关养分对周围地表水的贡献的疑问。设计实验以量化草皮地块的磷和氮的迁移量，草皮地块作为高尔夫球场球道保持，以确定哪种耕作方式，实心（ST）或空心实心（HT）核心栽培方式，最大程度地保留肥料中的磷和氮应用。在施用颗粒肥料（18-3-18：N-P_2O_5-K_2O）后26±13 h，以及在核心栽培后63 d和2 d时，模拟的降水和所产生的径流的收集完成。相对于ST，用HT充气的球道草皮地块的径流量减少（63 d：10％，2 d：55％减少）。对径流的分析表明，用HT处理的地块中的径流会减少可溶性磷，铵态氮和硝酸盐氮的流失。 63天后降低5至27％；在第2天降低39％至77％。使用高尔夫球场径流到地表水的情景来计算接受ST或HT核心栽培的草坪产生的径流中地表水中氮和磷的估计环境浓度（EEC）。磷的地表水浓度仍高于美国环境保护署的水质标准，以限制富营养化，但2天与HT岩心培养相关的浓度除外。不论管理措施（ST或HT）以及从核心栽培到径流的时间间隔（63 d或2 d），所有氮的EEC均低于与藻类生长增加相关的水平。了解带径流的养分运输并确定减少异地运输的策略，将提高其在预期应用地点的有效性，并将对周围地表水资源的不良影响降至最低。

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