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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental toxicology and chemistry >ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF PHARMACEUTICALS: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FACTORS BEYOND DIRECT EXCRETION TO SEWERS
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ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF PHARMACEUTICALS: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FACTORS BEYOND DIRECT EXCRETION TO SEWERS

机译：药物的环境足迹：直接向缝纫机排泄的因素的意义

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摘要

The combined excretion of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) via urine and feces is considered the primary route by which APIs from human Pharmaceuticals enter the environment. Disposal of unwanted, leftover medications by flushing into sewers has been considered a secondary route-one that does not contribute substantially to overall environmental loadings. The present study presents the first comprehensive examination of secondary routes of API release to the environment and for direct but unintentional human exposure. These include bathing, washing, and laundering, all of which release APIs remaining on the skin from the use of high-content dermal applications or from excretion to the skin via sweating, and disposal of unused and partially used high-content devices. Also discussed are the health hazards associated with: partially used devices, medication disposal practices of consumers, and interpersonal dermal transfer of API residues. Understanding these secondary routes is important from the perspective of pollution prevention, because actions can be designed more easily for reducing the environmental impact of APIs compared with the route of direct excretion (via urine and feces), for reducing the incidence of unintentional and purposeful poisonings of humans and pets, and for improving the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care. Overall, unintentional exposure to APIs for humans via these routes is possibly more important than exposure to trace residues recycled from the environment in drinking water or foods.
机译：活性药物成分（API）通过尿液和粪便的联合排泄被认为是人类药品API进入环境的主要途径。通过冲洗进入下水道处理多余的剩余药物被认为是第二种途径，基本上不会对整体环境造成影响。本研究提出了API向环境释放以及人类直接但无意暴露的次要途径的首次综合检查。这些措施包括沐浴，洗涤和洗涤，所有这些都会释放出残留在皮肤上的API，这些API均来自使用高含量的皮肤应用或出汗后排泄到皮肤上，以及处置未使用和部分使用的高含量设备。还讨论了与以下方面有关的健康危害：部分使用的设备，消费者的药物处置做法以及API残留物的人际皮肤转移。从污染预防的角度了解这些次要途径非常重要，因为与直接排泄途径（通过尿液和粪便）相比，可以更轻松地设计行动来减少API对环境的影响，从而减少意外和有目的的中毒发生率用于人类和宠物，以及用于改善医疗保健的质量和成本效益。总体而言，通过这些途径无意中暴露给人类的API可能比暴露于饮用水或食品中从环境中回收的微量残留更为重要。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental toxicology and chemistry》 |2009年第12期|2495-2521|共27页
  • 作者

    Christian G. Daughton; Ilene S. Ruhoy;

  • 作者单位

    Environmental Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Avenue, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119;

    College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, Nevada 89014, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    disposal; excretion; pharmaceuticals; poisoning; sweat;

    机译：处置排泄;药品;中毒汗;

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