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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental toxicology and chemistry >Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin Commercial Formulations to Soil Invertebrates in a Natural Soil
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Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin Commercial Formulations to Soil Invertebrates in a Natural Soil

机译：噻虫嗪和噻虫啉市售制剂对天然土壤中无脊椎动物的致死和致死毒性。

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The use of neonicotinoids in agriculture is a critical environmental protection issue. Although there has been considerable research on pollinator exposure and aquatic toxicological effects, few studies have investigated the chronic impacts on soil-dwelling species. Given the application of neonicotinoids into soil systems, there is the potential for risk to soil invertebrates. The toxicity of 2 commercial formulations containing the active ingredients (a.i.) thiamethoxam (Actara 240SC) or clothianidin (Titan (TM)) was investigated using 3 soil invertebrate species: Oppia nitens, Eisenia andrei, and Folsomia candida. No adverse effects were observed for O. nitens at the highest tested concentrations (>= 92 mg a.i./kg dry soil) after a 28-d exposure. Exposure to clothianidin resulted in a 28-d median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.069 (95% confidence limits: 0.039-0.12) mg/kg dry soil for F. candida, and a 56-d IC50 of 0.26 (0.22-3.2) mg a.i./kg dry soil for E. andrei. Exposure to thiamethoxam was less toxic, with IC50s of 0.36 (0.19-0.66) and 3.0 (2.2-4.0) mg a.i./kg dry soil for F. candida and E. andrei reproduction, respectively. The observed toxicity for F. candida adult survival and reproduction and for E. andrei reproduction occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. However, because clothianidin is a degradation product of thiamethoxam, and detection of clothianidin rose to levels of concern in the thiamethoxam-amended soils over time, the observed toxicity may be partly attributed to the presence of clothianidin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2111-2120. (c) 2019 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
机译：在农业中使用新烟碱是一个关键的环境保护问题。尽管对传粉媒介暴露和水生毒理作用进行了大量研究，但很少有研究调查对土壤居住物种的长期影响。考虑到将新烟碱类化合物应用于土壤系统，存在潜在的无脊椎动物风险。使用3种无脊椎动物：Oppia nitens，Eisenia andrei和Folsomia candida，研究了含有活性成分（a.i.）噻虫嗪（Actara 240SC）或可比丁胺（Titan（TM））的2种商业制剂的毒性。在暴露28天后，在最高测试浓度（> = 92 mg a.i./kg干燥土壤）下，对O. nitens没有观察到不利影响。暴露于可比丁菌中后，念珠菌的28 d中值抑制浓度（IC50）为0.069（95％置信度：0.039-0.12）mg / kg干燥土壤，而56 d IC50为0.26（0.22-3.2） mg.ai/kg干燥土壤中的E. andrei。暴露于噻虫嗪的毒性较小，对于假丝酵母和大肠杆菌的繁殖，IC50分别为0.36（0.19-0.66）和3.0（2.2-4.0）mg a.i./kg干燥土壤。在环境相关浓度下，观察到的念珠菌成年存活和繁殖以及雄性大肠杆菌的毒性。但是，由于可比尼丁是噻虫嗪的降解产物，随着时间的推移，可比虫在噻虫嗪修饰的土壤中的检出率上升至令人关注的水平，因此观察到的毒性可能部分归因于可比尼丁的存在。 Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38：2111-2120。 （c）2019皇冠在加拿大的右边。由Wiley Periodicals Inc.代表SETAC发布。

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