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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental toxicology and chemistry >Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California, USA.
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Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California, USA.

机译：拟除虫菊酯类农药在美国加利福尼亚中央谷地的使用和毒性。

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The use of pyrethroid insecticides is increasing for agriculture, commercial pest control, and residential consumer use. In addition, there is a trend toward the use of newer and more potent compounds. Little is known about the toxicity of sediment-associated pyrethroid residues to aquatic organisms, yet recent work has shown they commonly are found in aquatic sediments in the heavily agricultural Central Valley of California, USA. Minimal data exist on the sensitivity of standard sediment toxicity testing species to pyrethroids, despite two or more decades of agricultural use of these compounds. Sediment concentrations causing acute toxicity and growth impairment to the amphipod Hyalella azteca were determined for six pyrethroids in three sediments, ranging from 1.1 to 6.5% organic carbon (OC). In order of decreasing toxicity of sediment-associated residues, the compounds tested were bifenthrin (average 10-d median lethal concentration [LC50] = 0.18 microg/g OC), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.45 microg/g OC),deltamethrin (0.79 microg/g OC), esfenvalerate (0.89 microg/g OC), cyfluthrin (1.08 microg/g OC), and permethrin (4.87 microg/g OC). In a sediment containing about 1% OC, most pyrethroids, except permethrin, would be acutely toxic to H. azteca at concentrations of 2 to 10 ng/g dry weight, a concentration only slightly above current analytical detection limits. Growth typically was inhibited at concentrations below the LC50; animal biomass on average was 38% below controls when exposed to pyrethroid concentrations roughly one-third to one-half the LC50. Survival data are consistent with current theory that exposure occurs primarily via the interstitial water rather than the particulate phase. A reanalysis of previously reported field data using these toxicity data confirms that the compounds are exceeding concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive species in many agriculture-dominated water bodies.
机译：拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂在农业，商业病虫害防治和居民消费中的使用正在增加。另外，存在使用更新和更有效的化合物的趋势。与沉积物相关的拟除虫菊酯残留物对水生生物的毒性知之甚少，但最近的工作表明，它们通常在美国加利福尼亚州中部农业繁茂的水生沉积物中发现。尽管在农业上使用这些化合物已有二十多年或更长时间，但是关于标准沉积物毒性测试物种对拟除虫菊酯的敏感性的数据很少。确定了三个拟南芥中六个拟除虫菊酯类化合物的急性毒性和对两栖类透明藻的生长损害的沉积物浓度，有机碳含量为1.1％至6.5％。为了降低与沉积物相关的残留物的毒性，所测试的化合物为联苯菊酯（平均10 d中位致死浓度[LC50] = 0.18 microg / g OC），λ-氯氟氰菊酯（0.45 microg / g OC），溴氰菊酯（0.79 microg） / g OC），依斯芬戊酸酯（0.89 microg / g OC），氯氟氰菊酯（1.08 microg / g OC）和苄氯菊酯（4.87 microg / g OC）。在含约1％OC的沉积物中，除氯菊酯外，大多数拟除虫菊酯对阿兹台克假单胞菌都具有急性毒性，其浓度为2至10 ng / g干重，该浓度仅略高于当前的分析检测极限。在低于LC50的浓度下，通常会抑制生长。当暴露于拟除虫菊酯浓度约为LC50的三分之一至一半时，动物平均生物量比对照低38％。生存数据与当前的理论一致，即接触主要通过间隙水而不是颗粒相发生。使用这些毒性数据对先前报道的田间数据进行的重新分析证实，该化合物的浓度超过了许多农业支配水域中对敏感物种的急性毒性。

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