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Effect of Temperature on Nickel Uptake and Elimination in Daphnia magna

机译：温度对Daphnia Magna镍吸收和消除的影响

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It is well known that temperature can affect the ecotoxicity of chemicals (including metals) to aquatic organisms. It was recently reported that nickel (Ni), a priority substance under the European Water Framework directive, showed decreasing chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna with increasing temperature, between 15 and 25 degrees C. We performed a toxicokinetic study to contribute to an increased mechanistic understanding of this effect. More specifically, we investigated the effect of temperature on Ni uptake and elimination in D. magna (in 4 clones) using an experimental design that included Ni exposures with different stable isotopic composition and using a one-compartment model for data analysis. Both Ni uptake and elimination were affected by temperature, and some clear interclonal differences were observed. On average (across all clones), however, a similar pattern of the effect of temperature was observed on both Ni uptake and elimination, that is, the uptake rate constant (k(u)) and elimination rate constant (k(e)) during 72 h of Ni exposure were lower at 25 than at 19 degrees C, by 2.6-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, and they were similar at 19 and 15 degrees C. This pattern does not correspond to the effects of temperature on chronic Ni toxicity reported previously, suggesting that Ni compartmentalization and/or toxicodynamics may also be affected by temperature. The data gathered with our specific experimental design also allowed us to infer that 1) the k(u) was up-regulated over time, that is, the k(u) after 2 d of Ni exposure was significantly higher than the initial k(u), by 1.5- to 2.3-fold, and 2) the k(e) decreased significantly when the external Ni exposure was stopped, by 1.2- to 1.9-fold. These 2 findings are in contrast with 2 commonly used assumptions in toxicokinetic models, that is, that k(u) is constant during exposure and k(e) is independent of external exposure. We suggest that future toxicokinetic studies consider these factors in their experimental designs and data analyses. Overall, our study contributes to the growing body of evidence that temperature affects toxicokinetics of metals (and chemicals in general), but at the same time we emphasize that knowledge of toxicokinetics alone is not necessarily sufficient to explain or predict temperature effects on (chronic) toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:784-793. (c) 2019 SETAC
机译：众所周知，温度会影响化学物质（包括金属）的生态毒性到水生生物。最近据报道，镍（NI）是欧洲水框架指令下的优先内容，表现出对Daphnia Magna的慢性毒性，随着温度的增加，在15到25℃之间，我们进行了毒性研究，以促进机械理解增加这种效果。更具体地，我们研究了使用具有不同稳定同位素组合物的Ni暴露的实验设计和使用不同稳定同位素组合物的Ni暴露并使用单室模型进行数据分析的实验设计来研究温度对D.Magna（4克隆中）的影响和消除的影响。 Ni吸收和消除都受到温度的影响，并且观察到一些明显的面间差异。然而，平均（跨越所有克隆），在Ni吸收和消除中观察到温度的效果的类似模式，即摄取率常数（K（u））和消除速率常数（k（e））在72小时的Ni暴露期间，分别在25℃下较低，分别在19℃下，分别为2.6倍和1.6倍，在19和15℃下相似。该模式与温度对慢性的影响相似先前报道的Ni毒性，表明Ni镇静和/或毒性动力学也可能受到温度的影响。通过我们的特定实验设计收集的数据也使我们推断出1）k（U）随时间上调，即Ni暴露后的k（u）明显高于初始k（ u），1.5至2.3倍，2）当外部Ni暴露停止时，K（e）显着降低1.2-1.9倍。这2个发现与2常用的毒物动力学模型的发现相反，即k（u）在暴露期间恒定，K（e）与外部暴露无关。我们建议未来的毒性研究在实验设计和数据分析中考虑这些因素。总体而言，我们的研究有助于越来越多的证据，即温度影响金属的毒性学（以及一般化学品），但同时我们强调单独的毒物动脉管的知识不一定能够解释或预测（慢性）的温度效应毒性。环境毒素科学2019; 38：784-793。 （c）2019 Setac

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