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PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding

机译：用于人类和野生动物的PFAS曝光途径：了解当前知识的合成和理解的关键差距

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We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most human exposure assessments have focused on 2 to 5 legacy PFAS, and wildlife assessments are typically limited to targeted PFAS (up to similar to 30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production are occurring rapidly, and targeted methods for detecting PFAS have not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry are thus emerging as essential tools for PFAS exposure assessment. Such methods enable researchers to better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal perfluoroalkyl acids. Available data suggest that diet is the major human exposure pathway for some PFAS, but there is large variability across populations and PFAS compounds. Additional data on total fluorine in exposure media and the fraction of unidentified organofluorine are needed. Drinking water has been established as the major exposure source in contaminated communities. As water supplies are remediated, for the general population, exposures from dust, personal care products, indoor environments, and other sources may be more important. A major challenge for exposure assessments is the lack of statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between PFAS and neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation of traditional bioaccumulation metrics. There is evidence that both phospholipids and proteins are important for the tissue partitioning and accumulation of PFAS. New mechanistic models for PFAS bioaccumulation are being developed that will assist in wildlife risk evaluations. (c) 2020 SETAC
机译：我们综合了对评估人和野生动物曝光的幅度和方法，以对多氟烷基物质（PFAs）进行评估。大多数人的接触评估都集中在2到5个遗留的PFAS上，野生动物评估通常限于有针对性的PFA（高达30个物质）。然而，迅速发生化学生产的转变，并且用于检测PFA的靶向方法并未与这些变化保持速度。因此，通过使用高分辨率质谱互联网筛选补充的总氟测量值，因此作为PFAS暴露评估的基本工具。这些方法使研究人员能够更好地了解从前体化合物降解到末端全氟烷基酸的方面的贡献。可用数据表明，饮食是一些PFA的主要人体暴露途径，但群体和PFAS化合物具有很大的变化。需要有关曝光培养基中总氟的额外数据和未识别的有机氟荧光的一部分。饮用水已被确立为污染社区的主要来源曝光。随着供水的补救，对于一般人群，灰尘，个人护理产品，室内环境和其他来源的曝光可能更为重要。暴露评估的主要挑战是缺乏统计的代表性人口调查。对于野生动物来说，生物累积过程基本上不同于PFA和中性亲脂性有机化合物之间，促使传统生物积累度量的重新评估。有证据表明，磷脂和蛋白质都对于PFA的组织分配和积累是重要的。正在开发出用于PFAS生物累积的新机制模型，将有助于野生动物风险评估。 （c）2020 Setac

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