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首页> 外文期刊>Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science >Modeling reveals the role of coastal upwelling and hydrologic inputs on biologically distinct water exchanges in a Great Lakes estuary
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Modeling reveals the role of coastal upwelling and hydrologic inputs on biologically distinct water exchanges in a Great Lakes estuary

机译：模拟显示了沿海上升流和水文输入对大湖河口生物学上不同的水交换的作用

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摘要

Freshwater estuaries everywhere are under stress from anthropogenic activities and climate change. Muskegon Lake Estuary (MLE) is a freshwater estuary along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan characterized by algal blooms and hypoxia during the summer and designated as an Area of Concern (AOC) by the EPA. We developed a 3-D hydrodynamic model using the Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM) to study the hydrodynamics of MLE with a focus on the cold-water intrusions from Lake Michigan into MLE. Substantial water exchange process was validated by comparisons with observations in the near-shore region of Lake Michigan and in the navigation channel between Lake Michigan and MLE. The model found that the cold water intrusions from Lake Michigan to MLE occur during summer stratification, amounting to as much as 10% of MLE's total volume during one single episodic event. The intrusion was accompanied by a stronger surface outflow in the opposite direction, which may accelerate the delivery of MLE water to Lake Michigan. Through process-oriented model experiments, we examined the cold-water intrusion's responses to hydrological shift under climate change, and found that the increase in riverine input during upwelling weakens the intrusion. In addition, an increase of navigation channel width strengthens the cold-water intrusion, and that intrusion strength as well as intrusion period was directly related to wind speed. Our observation-modeling based findings would provide a good reference for the future study of biophysical interactions between coastal ocean and estuaries.
机译：人为活动和气候变化给各地的淡水河口带来了压力。马斯基根湖河口（MLE）是密歇根湖东岸的淡水河口，夏季有藻华和缺氧，被EPA称为关注区域（AOC）。我们使用半隐式跨尺度水科学综合系统模型（SCHISM）开发了3-D水动力模型，以研究MLE的水动力，重点是从密歇根湖侵入MLE的冷水。通过与密歇根湖近岸地区以及密歇根湖和MLE之间的航行通道的观测结果进行比较，验证了大量的水交换过程。该模型发现，从密歇根湖到MLE的冷水入侵发生在夏季分层过程中，一次事件的发生量高达MLE总体积的10％。入侵伴随着相反方向更强的地表流出，这可能会加速将MLE水输送到密歇根湖。通过面向过程的模型实验，我们研究了冷水入侵对气候变化下水文变化的响应，并发现上升流期间河流输入的增加削弱了入侵。另外，导航通道宽度的增加加强了冷水的入侵，入侵强度和入侵时间与风速直接相关。我们基于观测模型的发现将为未来研究沿海海洋与河口之间的生物物理相互作用提供良好的参考。

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