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首页> 外文期刊>Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science >Limacina retroversa's response to combined effects of ocean acidification and sea water freshening
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Limacina retroversa's response to combined effects of ocean acidification and sea water freshening

机译：Limacina retroversa对海洋酸化和海水清新的综合影响的反应

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Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions induce ocean acidification, thereby reducing carbonate ion concentration, which may affect the ability of calcifying organisms to build shells. Pteropods, the main planktonic producers of aragonite in the worlds' oceans, may be particularly vulnerable to changes in sea water chemistry. The negative effects are expected to be most severe at high-latitudes, where natural carbonate ion concentrations are low. In this study we investigated the combined effects of ocean acidification and freshening on Limacina retroversa, the dominant pteropod in sub polar areas, living L retroversa, collected in Northern Norwegian Sea, were exposed to four different pH values ranging from the pre-industrial level to the forecasted end of century ocean acidification scenario. Since over the past half-century the Norwegian Sea has experienced a progressive freshening with time, each pH level was combined with a salinity gradient in two factorial, randomized experiments investigating shell degradation, swimming behavior and survival. In addition, to investigate shell degradation without any physiologic influence, one perturbation experiments using only shells of dead pteropods was performed. Lower pH reduced shell mass whereas shell dissolution increased with pCO_2. Interestingly, shells of dead organisms had a higher degree of dissolution than shells of living individuals. Mortality of Limacina retroversa was strongly affected only when both pH and salinity reduced simultaneously. The combined effects of lower salinity and lower pH also affected negatively the ability of pteropods to swim upwards. Results suggest that the energy cost of maintaining ion balance and avoiding sinking (in low salinity scenario) combined with the extra energy cost necessary to counteract shell dissolution (in high pCO_2 scenario), exceed the available energy budget of this organism causing the pteropods to change swimming behavior and begin to collapse. Since L retroversa play an important role in the transport of carbonates to the deep oceans these findings have significant implications for the mechanisms influencing the inorganic carbon cycle in the sub-polar area.
机译：人为排放的二氧化碳会引起海洋酸化，从而降低碳酸盐离子的浓度，这可能会影响钙化生物建造贝壳的能力。翼足类动物是世界海洋中文石的主要浮游生物生产者，可能特别容易受到海水化学变化的影响。负面影响预计在自然碳酸盐离子浓度低的高纬度地区最为严重。在这项研究中，我们调查了海洋酸化和新鲜化对逆境Limacina逆向综合作用的影响，逆向利物在亚极地区占主导地位，在挪威北部海域采集的活逆向L暴露于四种不同的pH值，范围从工业化前水平到预测的世纪末海洋酸化情景。由于在过去的半个世纪中，挪威海经历了随着时间的推移不断进行的清新，因此在两个调查贝壳降解，游泳行为和存活率的随机试验中，每个pH值都与盐度梯度结合在一起。另外，为了研究没有任何生理影响的壳降解，进行了仅使用死翼足类壳的摄动实验。较低的pH值会降低壳质量，而pCO_2会增加壳溶解。有趣的是，死亡生物的壳比活着的个体的壳具有更高的溶解度。仅当pH和盐度同时降低时，逆戟鱼的死亡率才会受到严重影响。较低盐度和较低pH的综合作用也对翼足动物向上游泳的能力产生负面影响。结果表明，维持离子平衡和避免下沉（在低盐度情况下）的能量成本，加上抵消壳溶解（在高pCO_2情况下）所需的额外能量成本，超出了该生物体的可用能量预算，导致了翼足类动物发生变化。游泳行为并开始崩溃。由于逆行在碳酸盐向深海的运输中起着重要作用，这些发现对影响亚极地区无机碳循环的机理具有重要意义。

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