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Swashed away? Storm impacts on sandy beach macrofaunal communities

机译：被冲走了？风暴对沙滩大型动物群落的影响

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Storms can have a large impact on sandy shores, with powerful waves eroding large volumes of sand off the beach. Resulting damage to the physical environment has been well-studied but the ecological implications of these natural phenomena are less known. Since climate change predictions suggest an increase in storminess in the near future, understanding these ecological implications is vital if sandy shores are to be proactively managed for resilience. Here, we report on an opportunistic experiment that tests the a priori expectation that storms impact beach macrofaunal communities by modifying natural patterns of beach morphodynamics. Two sites at Sardinia Bay, South Africa, were sampled for macro-fauna and physical descriptors following standard sampling methods. This sampling took place five times at three- to four-month intervals between April 2008 and August 2009. The second and last sampling events were undertaken after unusually large storms, the first of which was sufficiently large to transform one site from a sandy beach into a mixed shore for the first time in living memory. A range of univariate (linear mixed-effects models) and multivariate (e.g. non-metric multidimensional scaling, PERMANOVA) methods were employed to describe trends in the time series, and to explore the likelihood of possible explanatory mechanisms. Macrofaunal communities at the dune-backed beach (Site 2) withstood the effects of the first storm but were altered significantly by the second storm. In contrast, macrofauna communities at Site 1, where the supralittoral had been anthropogenically modified so that exchange of sediments with the beach was limited, were strongly affected by the first storm and showed little recovery over the study period. In line with predictions from ecological theory, beach morphodynamics was found to be a strong driver of temporal patterns in the macrofaunal community structure, with the storm events also identified as a significant factor, likely because of their direct effects on beach morphodynamics. Our results also support those of other studies suggesting that developed shores are more impacted by storms than are undeveloped shores. Whilst recognising we cannot generalise too far beyond our limited study, our results contribute to the growing body of evidence that interactions between sea-level rise, increasing storminess and the expansion of anthropogenic modifications to the shoreline will place functional beach ecosystems under severe pressure over the forthcoming decades and we therefore encourage further, formal testing of these concepts.
机译：风暴可能会对沙滩产生很大影响，强大的海浪会侵蚀沙滩上的大量沙子。已经对造成的物理环境破坏进行了充分的研究，但是这些自然现象的生态影响却鲜为人知。由于气候变化预测表明在不久的将来暴风雨将增加，因此，如果要积极管理沙质海岸的复原力，那么了解这些生态影响至关重要。在这里，我们报告了一个机会实验，该实验通过修改海滩形态动力学的自然模式来测试暴风雨对海滩大型动物群落的先验期望。按照标准采样方法，对南非撒丁岛湾的两个地点进行了大型动物区系和物理描述符的采样。在2008年4月至2009年8月之间，采样间隔3到4个月进行了五次。第二次也是最后一次采样是在异常大的风暴之后进行的，第一次风暴足够大，足以将一个地点从沙滩变成活生生的记忆中第一次混在一起。使用了一系列单变量（线性混合效应模型）和多元（例如非度量多维标度，PERMANOVA）方法来描述时间序列的趋势，并探讨可能的解释机制的可能性。沙丘支撑的海滩（站点2）的大型动物群落经受住了第一次暴风雨的影响，但在第二次暴风雨中却发生了重大变化。相比之下，地点1的大型动物群落（人为修改了人为的，因此沿岸的沉积物交换受到限制）受到第一次暴风雨的强烈影响，并且在研究期间几乎没有恢复。与生态学理论相一致，海滩形态动力学被认为是大型动物群落结构时间模式的重要驱动力，风暴事件也被认为是重要的因素，可能是因为风暴事件直接影响海滩形态动力学。我们的结果也支持其他研究，这些研究表明发达海岸比未发达海岸受风暴影响更大。尽管认识到我们不能对有限的研究进行概括，但我们的结果有助于越来越多的证据表明，海平面上升，日益增加的暴风雨和人类对海岸线的改造之间的相互作用将使功能性海滩生态系统承受严重的压力。即将到来的几十年，因此我们鼓励对这些概念进行进一步的正式测试。

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