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Salt Marsh Dieback: An Overview Of Recent Events In The Us

机译：盐沼灭绝：美国近期事件的概述

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This paper provides an overview of the marsh dieback events that have been observed along the east and gulf coasts of the U.S. over the past decade. It is likely that some of the recently reported changes in marsh vegetation were affected by physical or biotic disturbances that are known to generate bare areas, such as overgrazing or wrack smothering. Other areas may be experiencing a state change such as that caused by long-term changes in sea level. However, sites in many areas are not readily explained by these causes and are considered to have experienced "sudden dieback." In such cases, there are observations that the above-ground plant material thinned or browned or, in some cases, failed to re-emerge in the spring; the dieback occurred over a period of months and usually affected multiple sites within the area; and there is evidence that these events are transient (through successful transplants or natural regrowth/ recovery), although some areas take years to recover. We explored the potential linkage of dieback with drought (as characterized by the Palmer Severity Drought Index), and found that there is evidence for an association in the southeast (GA and SC) and the Gulf (LA), but not in the mid-Atlantic (DE, VA) or northeast (ME, RI, CT). We also review the evidence for potential causes of sudden dieback, including changes in soil chemistry, fungal pathogens, top-down consumer controls, and multiple stressors. There is currently no single explanation that can be applied to recent dieback. We highlight the need for the development of improved diagnostics that will allow us to better classify dieback areas and provide evidence for (or against) potential causes.
机译：本文概述了过去十年在美国东部和墨西哥湾沿岸观察到的沼泽死亡事件。沼泽植被的一些最近报道的变化很可能受到已知会产生裸露区域的物理或生物干扰的影响，例如过度放牧或残骸窒息。其他地区可能正在经历状态变化，例如由海平面的长期变化引起的状态变化。但是，许多地区的站点无法通过这些原因轻松解释，并且被认为经历了“突然的死机”。在这种情况下，可以观察到地上的植物材料变薄或变成褐色，或者在某些情况下，在春季没有重新出现；消亡发生在几个月内，通常影响到该地区的多个地点；有证据表明，这些事件是短暂的（通过成功的移植或自然的再生/恢复），尽管某些地区需要数年才能恢复。我们探索了枯竭与干旱的潜在联系（以Palmer严重干旱指数为特征），发现有证据表明东南部（GA和SC）和墨西哥湾（LA）存在关联，而中部地区则没有。大西洋（DE，VA）或东北（ME，RI，CT）。我们还将审查导致突然死亡的潜在原因的证据，包括土壤化学变化，真菌病原体，自上而下的消费者控制以及多种压力源。当前，没有单一的解释可以应用于最近的消亡。我们强调需要开发改进的诊断程序，这将使我们能够更好地对死区进行分类，并提供（或针对）潜在原因的证据。

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