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Modelling formation of complex topography by the seagrass Posidonia oceanica

机译：海草波塞冬大洋洲复杂地形的建模

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Posidonia oceanica is a slow growing seagrass species that extends via growing rhizomes that grow only centimetres both horizontally and vertically each year. Posidonia oceanica forms topographically complex biogenic reefs of dead rhizome and sediments that are up to 4 m in height that are called "matte". This study investigates the role of slow horizontal and vertical growth of rhizomes in the formation of topographic complexity in P. oceanica matte using agent-based modelling. The simulated infilling of landscapes by P. oceanica was run over 600 iterations (years) for 10 random starts of 150 agents each. Initial infilling rates were very slow and P. oceanica had limited cover after a century of growth. Growth accelerated after 100 years but plateaued after 400 years such that after 600 years only two-thirds of the landscape was occupied by P. oceanica. The pattern of spread of agents was initially random in direction but after larger patches were formed spread was radial from these patches. The seagrass landscape was initially highly fragmented with many small separate patches made up of a few agents each, with a Landscape Division index close to 1. Between 300 and 600 years Landscape Division declined sharply to 0.42, indicating patches had coalesced into larger more continuous meadows forming a less fragmented landscape. Perimeter to area ratio of seagrass patches declined exponentially from > 1 to approximately 0.2 over 600 years of simulation. The matte developed from growth of patches and its greatest height occurred in more continuously occupied cells of the grid. The topography of the reef that occupied two-thirds of the landscape after six centuries of growth could be described as a pattern of channels between reef plateaus elevated 1-2 m above channels. These results demonstrate that development in P. oceanica meadows of three-dimensional structure, in the formation of biogenic reefs, can be explained by, and is an emergent property of, slow horizontal and vertical rhizome growth rates combined with the time it takes for the accumulation of rhizomes in any region of the landscape. As such, the model provides a parsimonious explanation for the development of complex matte topography.
机译：海洋波塞冬是一种生长缓慢的海草物种，通过不断增长的根茎延伸，每年水平和垂直方向仅增长几厘米。大洋波塞那形成了死亡的根茎和高至4 m的沉积物的地形复杂的生物礁，被称为“无光泽”。这项研究使用基于代理的模型研究了根茎缓慢的水平和垂直生长在海参亚光地形复杂性形成中的作用。海洋假单胞菌对景观的模拟填充进行了600次迭代（年），每次随机迭代10次，每次150个代理。最初的填充速度非常缓慢，并且经过一个多世纪的生长，大洋假单胞菌的覆盖率有限。 100年后增长加速，但400年后趋于平稳，以至于600年后，只有三分之二的景观被大洋虾所占据。药剂的扩散方式最初在方向上是随机的，但在形成较大的斑块之后，扩散是从这些斑块呈放射状。最初，海草景观高度分散，许多小块单独的小块，每个小块由几个媒介组成，景观分区指数接近1。在300到600年之间，景观分区急剧下降到0.42，这表明斑块已合并成更大，更连续的草甸形成较为分散的景观。在600年的模拟过程中，海草斑块的周长与面积之比从> 1下降到大约0.2。遮罩是由斑块的生长形成的，其最大高度出现在网格中连续不断占据的单元格中。经过六个世纪的发展，占据了三分之二景观的珊瑚礁地形可以描述为在海拔1-2 m处升高的珊瑚礁高原之间的河道格局。这些结果表明，在生物礁的形成中，三维结构的海生草地草甸的发育可以由水平和垂直根茎缓慢的生长速度与生长所需的时间相结合来解释，并且可以作为其萌发特性。根茎在景观的任何区域中的积累。这样，该模型为复杂磨砂地形的发展提供了简洁的解释。

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