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Mangroves of Vietnam: Historical development, current state of research and future threats

机译：越南的红树林：历史发展，研究现状和未来威胁

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摘要

Vietnamese mangroves are among the most productive and biologically important ecosystems of the world; providing habitatursing grounds for commercial and non-commercial fish species, food, medicine, building materials/fuel for local communities, as well as carbon storage (blue carbon) and coastal protection from storm events. However, Vietnam's mangroves have been lost in recent decades (similar to 38%) or degraded, predominantly driven by herbicides during the Vietnam War and later by conversion to aquaculture and coastal development, although there has been a recent slowing of this degradation as a result of restoration and protection schemes. This review article discusses the principal factors which influence mangroves in Vietnam including climate and climate change, hydrology, soil and topography, and anthropogenic factors such as aquaculture expansion, illegal logging, damming, pollution), which requires special attention. We further discuss the important role that Vietnamese mangrove forests play an in the socio-economic development of the country, even though the exploitation and protection of mangrove forests in many provinces are often uncontrolled. We discuss successful management practices including co-management models for mangrove restoration, which have been a success in Vietnam. Conservation and rehabilitation process of mangrove forests by various national and international agencies are still on-going and the success of such activities is influenced by various socio-economic, political as well as environmental factors. Further challenges in effective mangrove management arise due to climate change, which accelerates high atmospheric CO2, increased air temperature, sea level rise, storminess, ocean currents and alterations in precipitation regime. Recent developments in remote sensing applications can be utilized to improve the mapping and monitoring the changes in mangrove ecosystems in Vietnam thereby improving the effective management of mangrove forests.
机译：越南红树林是世界上生产力最高和生物学上最重要的生态系统之一；为商业和非商业鱼类，食品，药品，当地社区的建筑材料/燃料以及碳储存（蓝碳）和沿海地区免受暴风雨的侵袭提供栖息地/护理场所。但是，越南的红树林在最近几十年中已经消失（约38％）或退化，主要是由越南战争期间的除草剂驱动，后来又转变为水产养殖和沿海开发，尽管这种退化的结果最近有所缓解恢复和保护计划。这篇评论文章讨论了影响越南红树林的主要因素，包括气候和气候变化，水文，土壤和地形，以及人为因素，例如水产养殖业的扩张，非法砍伐，筑坝，污染），需要特别注意。我们将进一步讨论越南红树林在该国社会经济发展中所起的重要作用，尽管许多省的红树林的开发和保护往往不受控制。我们讨论了成功的管理实践，包括用于红树林恢复的共同管理模型，这些模型在越南很成功。各种国家和国际机构对红树林的保护和恢复过程仍在进行中，这些活动的成功受到各种社会经济，政治和环境因素的影响。由于气候变化，有效的红树林管理面临进一步的挑战，气候变化加速了大气中的二氧化碳含量升高，气温升高，海平面上升，暴风雨，洋流和降水状况的变化。可以利用遥感应用的最新发展来改善越南红树林生态系统变化的制图和监测，从而改善对红树林的有效管理。

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