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首页> 外文期刊>European environmental law review >The Optimisation Approach of ALARA in Nuclear Practice: An Early Application of the Precautionary Principle? Scientific Uncertainty versus Legal Uncertainty and its Role in Tort Law
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The Optimisation Approach of ALARA in Nuclear Practice: An Early Application of the Precautionary Principle? Scientific Uncertainty versus Legal Uncertainty and its Role in Tort Law

机译：ALARA在核实践中的优化方法：预防原则的早期应用？科学不确定性与法律不确定性及其在侵权法中的作用

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摘要

The late health effects of exposure to low doses of ionising radiation are subject to scientific controversy: one view finds threats of high cancer incidence exaggerated, the other view thinks the effects are underestimated. Both views have sound scientific arguments in favour of them. Since the nuclear field, both in industry and medicine, has had to deal with this controversy for many decades, one can argue that the optimisation approach to keep the effective doses as low as reasonably achievable, taking economic and social factors into account (ALARA), is a precautionary approach, because for stochastic effects of low doses, no conclusive scientific proof can be provided. This paper explores how ALARA and the precautionary principle are influential in the legal field and, in particular, in tort law because liability should be a strong incentive for safer behaviour. This so-called "deterrent effect" of liability seems to evaporate in today's technical and highly complex society, in particular when dealing with the late health effects of low doses of ionising radiation. Two main issues will be dealt with in the paper: 1. How are the health risks attributable to "low doses" of radiation regulated in nuclear law and what lessons can be learned from the field of radiation protection? 2. How can ALARA inform the discussion of the precautionary principle and vice-versa, in particular so far as legal sanctions and liability are concerned? It will be shown that the precautionary principle has not yet enough been implemented into nuclear law. Another conclusion is that the meaning given to technical and legal terminology, used in general principles, differs fundamentally, giving rise to more legal uncertainty and possibly to a lack of appropriate legal consequences and sanctions.
机译：暴露于低剂量电离辐射对健康的后期影响受到科学争议：一种观点认为癌症高发的威胁被夸大了，另一种观点认为这种影响被低估了。两种观点都有支持它们的合理的科学论据。由于工业和医学领域的核领域都已经处理了数十年的争议，因此可以说，考虑到经济和社会因素，将有效剂量保持在合理可实现的最低水平的优化方法（ALARA）这是一种预防措施，因为对于低剂量的随机作用，无法提供确凿的科学依据。本文探讨了ALARA和预防原则在法律领域，尤其是在侵权法中的影响力，因为责任应该是促进更安全行为的强烈诱因。在当今的技术和高度复杂的社会中，这种所谓的“威慑效应”责任似乎消失了，特别是在处理低剂量电离辐射对健康的后期影响时。该文件将处理两个主要问题：1.如何在核法中对归因于“低剂量”辐射的健康风险进行监管，以及可以从辐射防护领域学到什么教训？ 2. ALARA如何将预防原则告知讨论，反之亦然，特别是在涉及法律制裁和赔偿责任方面？可以看出，预防原则尚未在核法律中得到充分执行。另一个结论是，一般原则中使用的技术和法律术语的含义从根本上有所不同，从而导致更多的法律不确定性，并且可能缺乏适当的法律后果和制裁。

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