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Level of processing and reaction time in young and middle-aged adults and the effect of education

机译：中青年成年人的加工和反应时间水平及教育效果

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The first aim was to examine whether differences in reaction time (RT) between younger (25-35 years) and middle-aged (50-60 years) individuals increase with depth of processing. The second aim was to examine whether this increase is less pronounced in higher educated individuals. Processing of words at the perceptual, phonological, and semantic level was induced by a case decision, an “e” detection, and a livingonliving discrimination task, respectively. RTs increased with age and level of processing. However, there were no interactions between age, task, and education, suggesting that different processing levels are equally sensitive to slowing in midlife and that education was not a moderating factor. Although no overall age by level of processing interaction was found, there were age by stimulus type interactions in the deeper processing tasks. First, age-related differences in RT for words containing the letter “e” were smaller than for words without the letter “e”, suggesting that middle-aged adults were slower than younger adults in performing a terminating search strategy. Second, age-related differences in RT for words referring to living items were smaller than for words referring to nonliving items. This suggests that middle-aged adults compared to younger adults have reduced access to specific semantic categories. Taken together, the results show that vulnerability to age-related cognitive decline already exists in middle age.
机译：第一个目的是研究年轻（25-35岁）和中年（50-60岁）个体之间的反应时间（RT）差异是否随着加工深度的增加而增加。第二个目标是检查受过高等教育的人这种增加是否不太明显。分别在案例判定，“ e”检测和有/无生命的歧视任务下，在感知，语音和语义级别上对单词进行处理。 RTs随着年龄和加工水平的提高而增加。但是，年龄，任务和教育之间没有相互作用，这表明不同的加工水平对中年减慢同样敏感，并且教育不是调节因素。尽管未发现按加工交互作用水平划分的总体年龄，但在较深的加工任务中按刺激类型交互作用存在年龄。首先，包含字母“ e”的单词的与年龄相关的RT差异要小于不含字母“ e”的单词，这表明在执行终止搜索策略时，中年成年人比年轻成年人慢。第二，与生活相关的单词在RT上与年龄相关的差异要小于与非生活相关的单词。这表明与年轻人相比，中年成年人减少了对特定语义类别的访问。两者合计，结果表明，中年人已经存在与年龄有关的认知下降的脆弱性。

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