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GRAVITAS: general relativistic astrophysics via timing and spectroscopy

机译：GRAVITAS：通过定时和光谱学进行的相对论天体物理学

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GRAVITAS is an X-ray observatory, designed and optimised to address the ESA Cosmic Vision theme of “Matter under extreme conditions”. It was submitted as a response to the call for M3 mission proposals. The concept centres around an X-ray telescope of unprecedented effective area, which will focus radiation emitted from close to the event horizon of black holes or the surface of neutron stars. To reveal the nature and behaviour of matter in the most extreme astrophysical environments, GRAVITAS targets a key feature in the X-ray spectra of compact objects: the iron Kα line at ~6.5 keV. The energy, profile, and variability of this emission line, and the properties of the surrounding continuum emission, shaped by General Relativity (GR) effects, provide a unique probe of gravity in its strong field limit. Among its prime targets are hundreds of supermassive black holes in bright Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), which form the perfect laboratory to help understand the physical processes behind black hole growth. Accretion plays a fundamental role in the shaping of galaxies throughout cosmic time, via the process of feedback. Modest (~sub-arcmin) spatial resolution would deliver the necessary sensitivity to extend high quality X-ray spectroscopy of AGN to cosmologically-relevant distances. Closer to home, ultra-high count rate capabilities and sub-millisecond time resolution enable the study of GR effects and the equation of state of dense matter in the brightest X-ray binaries in our own Galaxy, using multiple probes, such as the broad iron line, the shape of the disk continuum emission, quasi-periodic oscillations, reverberation mapping, and X-ray burst oscillations. The enormous advance in spectral and timing capability compared to current or planned X-ray observatories would enable a vast array of additional scientific investigations, spanning the entire range of contemporary astrophysics from stars to distant galaxy clusters. Despite its breakthrough capabilities, all enabling technologies for GRAVITAS are already in a high state of readiness. It is based on ultra light-weight X-ray optics and a focal plane detector using silicon technology. The baseline launcher would be a Soyuz–Fregat to place GRAVITAS into a zero inclination, low-earth orbit, providing low and relatively stable background.
机译：GRAVITAS是X射线天文台，经过设计和优化以解决ESA宇宙视觉主题“极端条件下的事情”。它是对M3任务提案征集活动的回应。这个概念围绕着一个有效面积前所未有的X射线望远镜，它将聚焦在黑洞或中子星表面的事件视界附近发出的辐射。为了揭示物质在最极端的天体环境中的性质和行为，GRAVITAS瞄准了紧凑物体的X射线光谱的一个关键特征：〜6.5 keV的铁Kα线。由广义相对论（GR）效应塑造的此发射谱线的能量，轮廓和可变性，以及周围连续谱发射的特性，在其强磁场极限中提供了独特的重力探测。它的主要目标是在明亮的活跃银河核（AGN）中形成数百个超大质量黑洞，这些黑洞形成了一个理想的实验室，可以帮助理解黑洞生长背后的物理过程。通过反馈过程，吸积在整个宇宙时间内对星系的形成起着基本作用。适度的（〜arcmin）空间分辨率将提供必要的灵敏度，以将AGN的高质量X射线光谱学扩展到与宇宙学相关的距离。离家更近，超高计数率功能和亚毫秒级的时间分辨率，使得我们可以使用多种探针（例如广角镜）研究我们银河系中最亮的X射线双星中的GR效应和致密物的状态方程。铁线，圆盘连续发射的形状，准周期振荡，混响映射和X射线猝发振荡。与当前或计划中的X射线观测站相比，光谱和定时能力的巨大进步将使大量其他科学研究成为可能，涵盖从星际到遥远星系团的整个当代天体物理学领域。尽管具有突破性的功能，但GRAVITAS的所有支持技术已经处于高度准备状态。它基于超轻型X射线光学器件和采用硅技术的焦平面检测器。基线发射器将是“联盟号”-“ Fregat”号，用于将GRAVITAS置于零倾角，低地球轨道上，从而提供较低且相对稳定的背景。

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